Access to land and water, adequate norms and regulations, integration in land use planning (E-conference - 3-22 November 2003)
This conference is brought to you by UMP and ETC-RUAF.
Use Altavista to translate these pages.
Access to land and water, adequate norms and regulations, integration in land use planning (E-conference - 3-22 November 2003)
The conference is a platform to facilitate exchange and discussion of local experiences between local authorities and senior technical officers in Municipal departments, sectoral governmental organisations, research organisations and urban NGO's and CBO's that are involved in urban poverty alleviation and/or urban food security policies and programmes in cities of developing countries as well as staff of international organisations and programme (like UN Habitat, the Urban Management Programme, the Sustainable Cities Programme) that advise national and local governments on issues of sustainable urban land management and urban poverty alleviation.
An increasing number of local governments recognise the potential of urban and peri-urban agriculture as an effective strategy to reduce urban poverty and enhance food security, health and nutrition of disadvantaged groups.
Studies reveal that urban households that are involved in farming have a better nutritional status (as shown by caloric and protein intake, stunting and wasting measures) as compared to non-farming households. Moreover, creation of better conditions for poor urban families to grow and market vegetables, livestock, fish, a/o will also positively affect the access of other urban poor to fresh and nutritious food at affordable prices, which is highly needed.
Food being the largest component of household expenditure (low income households usually spend over 50-60 % of their income on basic food and drink), any saving on food expenditure translates into a significant portion of the family income becoming available for other non-food expenditures.
Where urban agriculture results in surpluses that are sold, the resulting addition to the income can be sizeable. Urban farming provides a source of employment not only for the producers involved (men and especially women) themselves, but also for hired labourers and people operating in related micro-enterprises. There are a whole range of input and output services related to urban agriculture like the production of compost, herding, collection and selling of grass or manure, processing of agricultural produce and street vending of food.
In many cities the large majority of the urban farmers are women (in average around 65%). Urban farming is a viable alternative to wage labour for women who lack access to formal employment due to limited education and training. Urban farming has the added value of allowing women to work closer to their home enabling them to combine multiple tasks during the day. Cases of women in urban households earning more from food production than their husbands from a formal job are not unusual. The ownership of animals and/or independent cash income may strengthen her social position within the household and the community.
FAO integrated urban agriculture in its regular programme and created an interdisciplinary working group "Food for the Cities" in order to stimulate the integration of urban agriculture in national and local poverty reduction and food security programmes.
The WHO published the "Action plan on urban food production and consumption" as part of their strategy to stimulate the local production and consumption of fresh nutritious food and to improve nutrition and health of disadvantaged urban groups.
The Urban Management Programme (UNDP-UNHabitat) is studying and facilitating urban agriculture as part of their efforts to enhance community participation in sustainable urban land management.
Strategies to improve access of the urban poor to land and water for agricultural activities
An increasing number of cities and countries are including urban agriculture in their strategies and programmes to reduce urban poverty and enhance urban food security.
The last few years, various Municipalities and local development organisations have been exploring a diversity of strategies to enhance access of the urban poor to land for agricultural activities. Some have focussed on poor urban households in general, others especially on female-headed households, unemployed youth, recent immigrants without sources of income, families with AIDS/HIV problems or disabled persons.
These actors are undertaking such activities aiming to:
In this E-conference we want to share and compare such experiences in order to identify the more "robust" strategies and to provide concrete examples for other Municipalities and local development organisations.
Two main situations / target groups have to be distinguished:
Here the attention focuses on seeking ways that enable to accept urban agriculture as a legitimate form of urban land use and the inclusion of urban agriculture in urban zonification and strategic urban development plans. Also measures that contribute to making the user rights of the urban farmers more secure e.g. by providing temporary permits to current users of vacant public land for food production (under certain conditions regarding the farm management). For the very poor, even short-term tenure improvements can be a great advantage. When farming is taking place in a location where such practices are less desirable, farmers may be provided access to an alternative location, with better conditions.
Here the attention focuses on creating access for the urban poor to the available open spaces. Municipalities are experimenting with strategies like detecting available open spaces by G.I.S, leasing Municipal land to (groups of) urban poor for periods between 2 and 20 years, creating community gardens on former garbage dumps, forcing speculating private owners to lease vacant land to urban farmers, stimulating enterprises, schools and hospitals to do so too, creation of a land bank for selling/leasing land for agriculture, etcetera.
The above-mentioned strategies are often combined with provision of technical advice, access to irrigation water, credit services and creation of farmers markets.
Difficulties encountered by Municipalities
Some of the difficulties that Municipalities encounter when applying such strategies are:
Following the conference a working paper will be produced with:
Access to land and water, adequate norms and regulations, integration in land use planning (E-conference - 3-22 November 2003)
List of participantsAccess to land and water, adequate norms and regulations, integration in land use planning (E-conference - 3-22 November 2003)
Access to land and water, adequate norms and regulations, integration in land use planning (E-conference - 3-22 November 2003)
Access to land and water, adequate norms and regulations, integration in land use planning (E-conference - 3-22 November 2003)
Proceedings of the e-conference
(short version, excluding case studies and annexes)
[PDF 300 KB]
Full proceedings of the e-conference
[PDF 605 KB]
Agricultural use of untreated wastewater in low income countries (E-conference - 24 June - 5 July 2002)
This conference is brought to you by IWMI and ETC-RUAF.
Use Altavista to translate these pages.
Agricultural use of untreated wastewater in low income countries (E-conference - 24 June - 5 July 2002)
Use of urban wastewater in agriculture
Globally on an average 47% of the population live in urban areas. Even at the lower consumption figures of 100 -150 litres per capita per day the water consumption in Africa would be 45 mill m3 and in Asia 200 mill (Water and sanitation assessment report prepared for the 2nd World Water Forum). Most of this water returns as waste.
On the other hand agriculture consumes more than 70 percent of exploited water resources globally and cities are increasingly competing for water with agriculture.
With increasing water scarcity, it is mandatory to find alternative sources of water for irrigation. One such means is to enhance the use of urban wastewater transforming wastes into a resource to yield products needed by the population.
The use of the urban wastewater in agriculture is a widely established practice, particularly so in urban and peri-urban areas of arid and seasonally arid zones. Wastewater is used as a source of irrigation water as well as a source of plant nutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and trace elements (K, Na, etc) allowing farmers to reduce or even eliminate the purchase of chemical fertilizer and of organic matter that serves as a soil conditioner and humus replenisher Lunven (1992) estimated that one tenth or more of the world's population currently eats food produced on wastewater (but not always in a safe way).
In the developed world planned use (of treated wastewater) is more common, as is evident in Israel, Australia, Germany, and the USA. A literature review (Haruvy,1997) indicated that Israel is at the forefront of planned wastewater use with fully 70 % of the total agricultural demand for water in 2040 to be met by treated effluent.
For developing countries like India, Pakistan, China and Mexico, to quote a few examples, wastewater for irrigation originated as an unplanned often spontaneous activity and has been practiced for decades and even centuries by poor farmers in urban and peri-urban areas. Studies have concluded that an estimated 80% of wastewater may be used for irrigation, with China and South Asia making significant use of untreated waste for irrigation (Mara and Cairncross, 1989). In Latin America alone at least 500,000 ha of land is being irrigated with untreated wastewater, over half of which is in Mexico (Rodriguez et al, 1994). The same is the case in Africa where case studies (Bakker et al, 2000) in major cities in Africa (Accra, Dakar, Nairobi,) indicate the extensive use of wastewater.
Current wastewater use practices in developing countries includes official distribution of primary or secondary treated wastewater (i.e. after mechanical and biological treatment), the use of diluted wastewater from urban waterways and farmers accessing raw wastewater from open drains or buried trunk sewers.
The informal use of untreated wastewater by intra-urban and peri-urban farmers and gardeners is the most common situation. For large groups of poor citizens (as well as for some better off) access to wastewater is the main factor that determines their food security and income generating capacity. Without the wastewater their production would be limited to the rainy period and productivity would be minimal.
Health and environmental risks
However, irrigating with untreated wastewater poses serious public health risks, as sewage is a major source of excreted pathogens - the bacteria, viruses, protozoa- and the helminths (worms) that cause gastro-intestinal infections in human beings. Wastewater may also contain highly poisonous chemical toxins from industrial sources. Relevant groups of chemical contaminants are heavy metals, hormone active substances (HAS) and antibiotics. The risks associated with these substances may, in the long run, turn out to constitute a greater threat to public health and be more difficult to deal with than the risks from excreted pathogens.
Unregulated and continuous irrigation with sewage water may lead to problems such as soil structure deterioration (soil clogging), salinisation and phytotoxicity. . The abovementioned risks are not limited to official wastewater but often also apply to rivers and other open water sources, as indicated by figures gathered by Westcott: 45% of 110 rivers tested carried faecal coliforms levels higher than the WHO standard for unrestricted irrigation (FAO, unpublished, cited in Birley and Lock, 1999).
Treatment of wastewater
In order to prevent health risks treatment, is normally recommended as the main solution. There exists a large array of technological and process options for wastewater treatment. Centralised, technologically complex and capital-intensive treatment systems have received the most attention to date. Decentralised, low-cost options, eco-technologies and eco-sanitation approaches have only recently received more attention.
However, in practice most cities in low income countries are not able to treat more than a modest percentage of the wastewater produced in the city, due to low financial, technical and/or managerial capacity, the quick and unplanned growth of the city and the multiple and dispersed outlets of the wastewater. In many cities a large part of the wastewater is disposed of untreated to rivers and seas, with all related environmental consequences and health risks. The perspectives regarding the increase in wastewater treatment capacity in these cities are bleak. It may safely be assumed that urban farmers and gardeners increasingly will use urban wastewater for irrigation, irrespective of the municipal regulations and quality standards for irrigation water.
Alternative and complementary measures
Against this background the organisers have chosen to focus this electronic conference on the strategies that may be applied to reduce the health risks associated with the use of untreated, partially treated or diluted wastewater in agriculture whilst maintaining or enhancing the social and economic benefits for the poor urban citizens involved in irrigated production. Rather than focusing on (end of pipe) treatment of wastewater, we want to discuss:
Planning for the improved management of wastewater for reuse in urban agriculture encompasses a wide range of aspects and activities. These comprise, among others, stakeholders involvement (concepts and operational patterns), strategic water resources planning, treatment at the source of pollution and separation of wastewater flows (especially between household water and industrial wastewater), farmers education on risk management strategies (e.g. appropriate choice of crops and appropriate selection and timing, of irrigation techniques), improved institutional coordination (especially between agriculture, health, sanitation sectors); revision of municipal regulations and standards and enforcement of regulations at farmers level and vis-Ã -vis polluting industries, monitoring of the quality of wastewater and agricultural products, and training of professionals on sound alternatives for sanitation and recycling, among others.
To exchange, analyse and discuss strategies - as alternatives or complementary to wastewater treatment - to reduce the associated health and environmental risks of using "untreated" urban wastewater in agriculture, while maintaining or enhancing the socio-economic benefits
The conference is a platform to facilitate exchange of experiences and debate between:
The moderators will produce a summary of the discussions in each group at the end of the first and second week. At the end of the second week also the conclusions and recommendations emerging from the discussions will be drafted by the moderators and send to all participants. The results of the E-conference, together with the results of regional workshops on these topics in West Africa and South East Asia, will be used to prepare a policy paper on the use of untreated wastewater for the World Water Forum in March 2003.
A selection of the most interesting contributions to the E-conference will be included in the special issue of the Urban Agriculture Magazine on this topic.
Agricultural use of untreated wastewater in low income countries (E-conference - 24 June - 5 July 2002)
Topic 1 - Key Issues
Strategies to ensure prevention and reduction of industrial contamination of domestic sewage and rivers that are used for irrigation. Discussion Paper Topic 2
Topic 2 - Key Issues
During the first week of the conference we will focus the discussions in both topics on the analysis of the actual situation and trends and the analysis of the effectivity of certain strategies.
During the second week of the conference we will continue that discussion but with more emphasis on the formulation of recommendations for policy development and action planning.
Agricultural use of untreated wastewater in low income countries (E-conference - 24 June - 5 July 2002)
| SUBMITTED BY / AUTHOR | TITLE | FILE SIZE (KB) |
| Fasciolo, G. | Impactos agroeconomicos del riego de cultivos con aguas residuales urbanas | 154 |
| Bradford, A.M. et al | Wastewater Irrigation: Hubli-Dharwad, India | 53 |
| Brigaldino, G. | Watter Matters | 33 |
| Mukhtar, M. et al | Mosquito-related health risks of wastewater treatment ponds in peri-urban areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan | 30 |
| Bradford, A.M. | Some Additional Wastewater References | 27 |
| Mara, D. | Adelboden diagram | 1,74 MB |
| Takizawa, S. | Wastewater Reuse for Agriculture and Aquaculture in Hanoi, Vietnam | 29 |
| SUBMITTED BY / AUTHOR | TITLE | FILE SIZE (KB) |
| Rashed, M.N. | Low Cost technology for wastewater treatment in developing countries : Natural materials for removal of toxic and heavy metals from wastewater | 28 |
| Totterdell, P. | SOS vision statement and senate hearing | 65 |
Agricultural use of untreated wastewater in low income countries (E-conference - 24 June - 5 July 2002)
Agricultural use of untreated wastewater in low income countries (E-conference - 24 June - 5 July 2002)
Document contents:
Download final conclusions
[82 KB]
Appropriate methods for urban agriculture. Research, policy development, planning, implementation and evaluation. (E-conference - February 4-16 2002)
This conference is brought to you by CIP-SIUPA and ETC-RUAF.
Use Altavista to translate these pages.
Appropriate methods for urban agriculture. Research, policy development, planning, implementation and evaluation. (E-conference - February 4-16 2002)
Urban Agriculture (UA, includes intra- and peri-urban agriculture) is an ancient practice but a recent focus of attention for a wide range of professionals associated with urban management, urban planning and agriculture. In the past these fields have been quite separate, and have elaborated their own approaches and methods associated with policy development, planning, research and monitoring and evaluation. We believe that to strengthen and develop agriculture in the urban environment, there is a pressing need not only to explore the adaptation of the wide range of methods used in rural agricultural research and development, but also to provide an innovative integration of these procedures with the specifically urban methods applied to understanding planning and policy issues.
These considerations have led us to identify six thematic areas through which to identify and debate appropriate methods for urban and peri-urban agriculture. These themes are explained below.
As part of a step-wise process of elaborating a set of integrated methods in these areas, over the past few months coordinators for each of these topics pulled together and synthesized current methodological experiences. During a recently held expert consultation workshop in Nairobi, these syntheses papers and the case studies were discussed and debated leading to revised synthesis papers. These papers are provided as starting points for this electronic conference.
Through the pooling, reviewing and systematizing of these experiences it should be possible to develop an enriched body of methods which urban and agricultural professionals can use to strengthen urban agriculture in their cities.
To bring together, exchange and discuss experiences gained with a variety of methodologies applied in urban agriculture research, policy development, spatial urban planning, project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
The conference is a platform to facilitate exchanges and discussion between:
The conference organisers identified six thematic areas through which to identify and debate appropriate methods for urban agriculture. See Discussion Papers for a synthesis and discussion paper on each of these themes.
These themes are:
Appropriate methods for urban agriculture. Research, policy development, planning, implementation and evaluation. (E-conference - February 4-16 2002)
As part of a step-wise process of elaborating a set of integrated methods in these areas, over the past few months coordinators for each of these topics pulled together and synthesized current methodological experiences. The individual experiences and case studies on which the synthesis papers are base are published in the section Background Papers.
During a recently held expert consultation workshop in Nairobi, the syntheses papers and the case studies were discussed and debated, leading to revised synthesis papers. These papers are provided as starting points for this electronic conference.
The following papers are available:
Topic 1: Methodologies for Situation Analysis in Urban Agriculture
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By Adrienne Martin, Sabine Guendel and Nicoliene Oudwater
Livelihoods and Institutions Group, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich. United Kingdom
The paper considers methods that can be used to analyse the existence and characteristics of different UA systems, their productivity and the technologies applied, the type of producers and clients of each UA system and their needs/priorities, market channels, backward and forward linkages and external services, use of soil/water/waste resources, negative environmental and health impacts experienced, etc.
Topic 2: Appropriate Methodologies for Development of a Facilitating Framework for Planning and Policy in Urban Agriculture
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By Marielle Dubbeling
IPES / Urban Management Programme (UMP-LAC/UNCHS-HABITAT), Quito, Ecuador
This paper concentrates on methods that are suited for a participatory and ‘early implementation’ approach to policy formulation and planning It will include: stakeholder analysis, building of platforms for exchange of knowledge, negotiation and joint planning of priority action plans, participatory budgeting, mechanisms for intersectoral cooperation and concerted action; forms of public-private partnerships; flexible, dynamic, interactive planning; institutional aspects (mandates, coordination, budgetary considerations).
Topic 3: Technical Tools for Urban Land Use Planning
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By Axel Drescher
University of Freiburg, Germany
In spite of ongoing research on urban agriculture, in most of the world’s cities, little is known about the actual extent of urban agriculture in inner city areas. Also, little is known about the spatial distribution of urban agriculture in the cities.
Many questions arise: Where do urban agricultural activities concentrate and why, who is involved, what kinds of crops are grown and by which groups of city dwellers, what is the contribution of the product to nutrition and food security, which kinds of soils are occupied, how is water availability and quality, what is the distance to markets?
An important and so far in many countries unsolved problem are appropriate methodologies to integrate agricultural activities in cities into urban planning processes.
Topic 4: Appropriate methods for technology development in urban agriculture
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By Safiétou T. Fall1 and Henk de Zeeuw2
1 ISRA, Senegal
2 ETC-RUAF, the Netherlands
This paper focuses on participatory methods for technology development and diffusion in urban agriculture, including use of multiple sources of knowledge in the identification and screening of promising technologies, the development, participatory testing and adaptation of the most promising technologies under local urban farming conditions, use of adult education techniques in technology evaluation, participatory diffusion of the results of the technology development and adaptation process; public-private partnerships in technology development and diffusion in urban agriculture.
Topic 5: Methods for Monitoring and Evaluation and its adaptation to urban and peri-urban agriculture
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Dindo Campilan1, Pay Drechsel2, and Daniel Jöcker3
1 CIP-UPWARD, Manila, Philippines
2 IWMI Ghana Office, Kumasi, Ghana
3 University of Konstanz, Dept. of Politics and Management, Germany
This paper focuses on frameworks, methods and tools to monitor and evaluate urban agriculture related projects and interventions as well as of the general or specific impacts of urban agriculture on food security and nutrition, health, income, employment and urban ecology. We are looking for case studies of conventional and participatory M&E approaches with emphasis on the adaptation of M&E and its indicators to the specific context and dynamic of urban agriculture.
Topic 6: Methods for Microenterprise Development in Urban Agriculture
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By Robert J. Holmer
Xavier University College of Agriculture, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
Methods discussed in this paper relate to the analysis and strengthening of micro-enterprises in urban agriculture and marketing of urban agriculture products. This includes methods for analysis of consumers demands (food and non-food products), marketing channels and flows and their characteristics, assessment of the linkages between micro-enterprises involved in urban agriculture, methods to their access to credit, technical advice, labour, marketing information and other services; Analysis of strengths and weaknesses of existing micro and small enterprises related to urban agriculture and methods to improve actual management practices and efficiency in small scale enterprises involved in input supply, food processing and marketing in order to meet market demands.
Appropriate methods for urban agriculture. Research, policy development, planning, implementation and evaluation. (E-conference - February 4-16 2002)
During the conference we will:
We kindly invite you to share your experiences (successes as well as failures!) with the application of the various methodologies of relevance in the field of UA in any of the following categories:
We are happy to receive your comments on the topic papers, providing examples that support or falsify the experiences discussed in the synthesis papers and/or that throw more light on the gaps identified and the key issues raised at the end of each topic paper
We are especially interested in examples of:
Appropriate methods for urban agriculture. Research, policy development, planning, implementation and evaluation. (E-conference - February 4-16 2002)
Appropriate methods for urban agriculture. Research, policy development, planning, implementation and evaluation. (E-conference - February 4-16 2002)
List of participants
[155 KB]
Appropriate methods for urban agriculture. Research, policy development, planning, implementation and evaluation. (E-conference - February 4-16 2002)
Appropriate methods for urban agriculture. Research, policy development, planning, implementation and evaluation. (E-conference - February 4-16 2002)
Document contents
Download final conclusions
[38 KB]
Urban agriculture on the policy agenda (E-conference - August 21 - September 30, 2000)
This virtual conference and information market was jointly undertaken by FAO and ETC-RUAF.
Use Altavista to translate these pages.
Urban agriculture on the policy agenda (E-conference - August 21 - September 30, 2000)
The conference invited everybody interested in urban and peri-urban agriculture and especially urban planners and municipalities, researchers and practitioners to participate by sharing needs, research results, questions, and project ideas.
Participants had the opportunity to discuss, present ideas, and suggest needs about three themes.
As part of the conference website an information market was maintained where participants and other interested people could find other articles, papers, case studies and other documents of interest. The market also provided information on relevant websites, journals and resource organisations as well as a link to a discussion on training needs in UPA.
Urban agriculture on the policy agenda (E-conference - August 21 - September 30, 2000)
English / Français / Español
English / Français / Español
Urban agriculture on the policy agenda (E-conference - August 21 - September 30, 2000)
| TITLE | |
| Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems in West African Cities Yemi Akinbamijo International Trypanotolerance Centre in Banjul, The Gambia |
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| La crÃa de cerdos en asentamientos irregulares: Una experiencia uruguaya de Agricultura Urbana Alain Santandreu, Gustavo Castro and Fernando Ronca Departamento de Salud Ambiental - Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de la República. Montevideo, Uruguay |
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| UPA and Food Security in Bamako Hallassy Sidibé SNV-Mali, Bamako, Mali |
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| PUA in the Northwest of Russia: Preliminary Analysis of the Findings Oleg Moldakov St-Petersburg Urban Gardening Club |
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| The Health Impacts of Peri-urban Natural Resource Development Karen Lock and Martin Birley |
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| City Food and Health in Brazil Isabel Maria Madaleno Instituto de Investigaçao CientÃfica Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal |
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| Protección Sanitaria en el Uso de Aguas Residuales y Lodos de Plantas de Tratamiento Guillermo León Suematsu CEPIS, Lima, Peru |
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| Cases on safe use of sewage for fertilisation Jacky Foo (Coordinator-IBSnet) |
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| Postings on malaria endemicity in West and central Africa Thomas Teuscher Health Research Consortium, Bouake, Cote d'Ivoire |
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| Action plan on urban food and nutrition from WHO-Europe Aileen Robertson WHO Nutrition, Copenhagen, Denmark |
| TITLE | |
| Peri-urban agriculture near Paris Manuel Béguier, Conseil Régional d'Ile-de-France, DECV, Paris, France D. Pujol, Direction Régionale de l'Agriculture et la Forêt d'Ile de France, CACHAN, France |
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| City farming and sustainability from the children's perspective Oliver Ginsberg BdJA educational consultant, Berlin |
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| Urban Agriculture as the Combination of Two 'Impossible' though Sustainable Trends Leo van den Berg ALTERRA Green World Research, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands |
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| Defining Periurban: Understanding Rural-Urban Linkages and Their Connection to Institutional Contexts David L. Iaquinta, Nebraska Wesleyan University Axel W. Drescher, University of Freiburg, Germany |
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| Kommunale Agrarpolitik: Wandlungen, Motive und Chancen am Beispiel von Landkreisen und Großstädten in der Bundesrepublik Frieder Thomas, University of Kassel, Germany |
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| Agriculture as a Sustainable Use of Urban Land Joe Nasr The Urban Agriculture Network, Washington, D.C., USA |
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| Urban Agriculture as a Concept in Urban Planning in South Africa: Example from Port Elizabeth Lena Jarlöv Dalarana Research Institute, Falun, Sweden |
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| We are a part of the earth and the earth is a part of us Aileen Robertson World Health Organization, WHO-DK, Kopenhagen |
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| Farming Inside Cities: Entrepreneurial Urban Agriculture in the United States Jerry Kaufman and Martin Bailkey Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, USA |
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| Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) for mapping urban agricultural activities and open space in cities Stefan Dongus & Axel Drescher University of Freiburg, Germany |
| First name | Name | Affiliation | Country | Group | |
| D | Aalders | CAN | daalders AT ns.sympatico.ca | p | |
| Gulia | Abbate | ENEA, Nat. Agency for Energy, Techn. and the Env. | ITA | gabbate AT cetma.brindisi.enea.it | hpf |
| Jovita | Abensur Rios | IMAGEN Educativa | PER | imagen AT ec-red.com | f |
| Michael | Ableman | Center For Urban Agriculture | USA | michaelabl AT aol.com | f |
| Martin | Adam | University of Greenwich | GBR | m.g.adam AT greenwich.ac.uk | f |
| John | Afele | Ontario Agric. College, University of Guelph | CAN | jafele AT uoguelph.ca | f |
| Clarita | Aganon | Central Luzon State University | PHL | cpaganon AT ne-link.net | f |
| Teotimo | Aganon | Central Luzon State University | PHL | tmaganon AT ne-link.net | f |
| Yemi | Akinbamijo | Gambia | yemi.akinbamijo AT commit.gm | f | |
| Marta | Alcocer | MEX | martaalcocer AT compuserve.com.mx | hpf | |
| Andres | Alencastre Calderon | Asociación Ecociudad | PER | andres AT ciudad.org.pe | fhp |
| ? | Alexandre | FRA | alexandre AT gwadloup.antilles.inra.fr | hfp | |
| Joerg | Amend | German Development Cooperation (GTZ) | TZA | uvpp AT africaonline.co.tz | f |
| Nicole | Anami | ? | nicoleanami AT hotmail.com | pf | |
| Jamie | Anderson | ? | jander AT mother.com | fh | |
| Marcela Regina | Andre Lopez | MEX | permaculture_san_miguel AT yahoo.com | pf | |
| Michel | Ansay | Institut de la Vie | BEL | mansay AT ulg.ac.be | h |
| Vladimir | Arana | CARE, ISOCARP | PER | aranav AT carepe.org.pe | pfh |
| Adriana | Aranha | Secr. de Abastecimento e Segurança Alimentar | BRA | a.aranha AT uol.com.br | f |
| Teti | Argo | ITB | IDN | targo_99 AT yahoo.com | p |
| Julio M | Arias | School for Field Studies | CRI | jmarias AT sol.racsa.co.cr | pfh |
| Jesus | Arias Chavez | MEX | informes AT xochicalli.org.mx | p | |
| Francisco Janvier | Arroyo y Galvan Duque | Institute for Training and Research in Agroecology | MEX | farroyo AT laneta.apc.org | hpf |
| Peter | Atkins | University of Durham | GBR | p.j.atkins AT durham.ac.uk | f |
| Austin | ? | acg AT austin.rr.com | hpf | ||
| Héctor | Avila Sanchez | CRIM-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | MEX | ahector AT correo.crim.unam.mx | p |
| Frolan | Aya | Bureau of Agricultural Research | PHL | fro_aya AT hotmail.com | f |
| Michael | Ayala Ayala | Coordinadora Ecuatoriana de AgroecologÃa | ECU | mayala AT andinanet.net | f |
| Roberto | Azofeifa | Ministerio de Agricultura y GanaderÃa | CRI | extension AT cnp.go.cr | f |
| B | Bacon | ? | bbacon AT mtn.org | h | |
| Nurwati | Badarulzaman | University | MYS | nurwati AT usm.my | p |
| Martin | Bailkey | Dep. of Landscape Architecture, Univ of Wisconsin | USA | bailkey AT facstaff.wisc.edu | p |
| Doyle | Baker | FAO Farm Management and Prod. Econ. Service | ITA | doyle.baker AT fao.org | f |
| Lauren | Baker | FoodShare Toronto | CAN | lauren AT centtel.com | hpf |
| Bachtar | Bakrie | "Agency for Agricultural Research and Dev.; Dep of Agr." | IDN | bbakrie AT indo.net.id | phf |
| Herb | Barbolet | FarmFolk/CityFolk | CAN | herb AT ffcf.bc.ca | fhp |
| David | Barkin | Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana | MEX | barkin AT cueyatl.uam.mx | fh |
| Carlos | Barrios Napurà | Instituto CRECIMIENTO | PER | infocb AT yahoo.com | f |
| Hugh | Bartling | ? | hugh AT backpacker.com | hp | |
| F | Basket | ? | fbasket AT skannet.com.org | hpf | |
| J | Batac | PHL | batacj0 AT bl;cn.pworld.net.ph | p | |
| Wilfried O. | Baudoin | FAO | ITA | wilfried.baudoin AT fao.org | f |
| Bettina | Baumgartner | CHE | bettina.baumgartner AT eawag.ch | fhp | |
| Ruvicyn | Bayot | Bureau of Agricultural Research | PHL | rbayot AT bar.da.gov.ph | f |
| Manuel | Beguier | Regional Council | FRA | manuel.beguier AT cr-ile-de-france.fr | fhp |
| Ann | Bellows | Department of Nutritional Sciences, The State University of New Jersey |
USA | acbellow AT rci.rutgers.edu | hpf |
| Johan | Bentinck | NLD | j.bentinck AT frw.rug.nl | p | |
| Laura | Berman | FoodShare Toronto | CAN | laura AT foodshare.net | p |
| Anke | Bielfeldt | DEU | amanebie AT uni-hohenheim.de | f | |
| Marlou | Bijlsma | Inst. of Food Nutrition and Family Sc., Univ. of Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe | pzaag AT mango.zw | hf |
| Georgette | Bilonda Mpenda | UNESCO | COG | cucafe_ong AT yahoo.fr | f |
| Francisco | Blanco Calderón | FUNDAVER | MEX | fundaver AT hotmail.com | p |
| Micaela | Bocanegra RodrÃguez | Centro de Encuentros y Diálogos A. C. | MEX | ced AT cuer.laneta.apc.org | fh |
| Pascal | Bonnet | ILRI, CIRAD | ETH | P.BONNET AT CGIAR.ORG | |
| Iaala | Boulbir | Direction de l'Urbanisme | DZA | boulbir AT yahoo.fr | p |
| Manon | Boulianne | Université du Québec à Hull | CAN | manonboulianne AT videotron.ca | f |
| Tanya | Bowyer-Bower | Dep of Geography, SOAS, Univ. of London | GBR | tb5 AT soas.ac.uk | fhp |
| Peggy | Bradley | Institute for Simplified Hydroponics | USA | peggy AT carbon.org | p |
| Kelli | Brew | ? | kellibrew AT aol.com | f | |
| Michael | Brewster | ? | mwbrew AT pacbell.net | p | |
| Julian | Briz | Universidad Politécnica de Madrid | ESP | j.brizz AT eco.etsia.upm.es | p |
| Berend | Brock | University of Amsterdam | NLD | beerrund AT dds.nl | hp |
| Robert | Brook | University of Wales, Bangor | GBR | r.m.brook AT bangor.ac.uk | f |
| Jonathan | Brown | CitySeeds | USA | CitySeeds AT main.nc.us | f |
| Allison | Brown | ? | pear1313 AT yahoo.com | f | |
| Wietse | Bruinsma | ETC | NLD | w.bruinsma AT etcnl.nl | hfp |
| Maria | Bruno | Consejo Escolar | ARG | mbruno AT telefax.com.ar | h |
| Charles | Buberwa | private | TZA | buberwa AT mail.com | h |
| Ulrich | Buechsenschuetz | FU Berlin | DEU | bully AT zedat.fu-berlin.de | hp |
| Tom | Bulten | USA | bultenth AT msu.edu | hpf | |
| S.W. | Bunting | GBR | s.w.bunnting AT stir.ac.uk | f | |
| John A | Butterworth | Natural Resources Institute, Univ. of Greenwich | GBR | j.a.butterworth AT greenwich.ac.uk | hpf |
| Teresa | Calderon | FAO | ITA | teresa.calderon AT fao.org | hf |
| Paul | Calvert | Self Employed | IND | paulc AT vsnl.com | hpf |
| Horacio | Campana | ARG | hcampana AT frbb.utn.edu.ar | h | |
| Hans | Carlier | NLD | carlier AT daxis.nl | f | |
| Annika | Carlsson-Kanayma | ESRG | SWE | carlsson AT fms.ecology.su.se | f |
| Nair Rocio | Carrasco Sanez | CEPREN | PER | cepren AT amauta.rcp.net.pee | fh |
| Olivia | Carrion | Sanut A.C. | ? | sanutac AT mext.clubiinter.net | ph |
| Gustavo | Castro | Facultad de Veterinaria (Universidad de la Republica) | URY | gucastro AT terra.com | hf |
| Angela | Caudle | USA | foodfog AT aol.com | p | |
| Steve | Cavanaugh | ? | appleblossom AT delphi.com | f | |
| Hazett | Cervantes Morales | CICEANA | MEX | matlah AT psi.net.mx | pf |
| Gasper | Chambi | Private Company | TZA | infobridge AT simbanet.net | h |
| Ould Dehah | Cheikh Mohamed El Hafed | Université de Nouakchott | MRT | dehah AT univ-nkc.mr | f |
| Mona | Chhabra | GBR | ucfemon AT ucl.ac.uk | hp | |
| Joshua Ngoh | Chia | COMMON INITIATIVE GROUP | CMR | fowahre AT hotmail.com | h |
| Karem | Chicata | IMAGEN Educativa | PER | imagen AT ec-red.com | p |
| Horacio | Chicata Blancas | IMAGEN Educativa | PER | imagen AT ec-red.com | h |
| Oumar | Cisse | Université de Montréal | SN | oumar AT cyberglobe.net | ph |
| Paul | Clark | ? | Paul.Clark AT HSC.com | hpf | |
| J | Coate | ? | jcoate01 AT emerald.tufts.edu | hf | |
| Mary | Cockram | NGO | USA | mary_cockram AT aid2artisans.org | |
| Kevin | Cook | University of Surrey, Royal Geographical Society | GBR | cookk AT smuc.ac.uk | f |
| Rodger | Cooley | Heifer Project International | USA | rodger.cooley AT heifer.org | f |
| Ralph | Coolman | Rutgers University | USA | ralph_coolman AT yahoo.com | pfh |
| Michael | Corbin | Malaspina University & British Columbia Inst. of Technolgy | CAN | agrologic&eudoramail.com | f |
| Ana | Cordova | Cornell University | USA | ac58 AT cornell.edu | hpf |
| Gez | Cornish | HR Wallingford Ltd | GBR | gac AT hrwallingford.co.uk | f |
| Sean | Cosgrove | Toronto Food Policy Council | CAN | scosgrov AT city.toronto.on.ca | p |
| Helen | Costello | ? | hccostell AT mediaone.net | f | |
| Monique | Cote | Université de Montreal | CAN | cote.monique AT uqam.ca | hpf |
| Justine | Coulson | GBR | J.A.Coulson AT newcastle.ac.uk | h | |
| John | Cropper | Trinidad | j.cropper AT trinidad.net | fhp | |
| Simeon | Crucido | PHL | scrucido AT yahoo.com | f | |
| Silvia Patricia | Cruzatt | CGIAR-International Potato Center | PER | s.cruzatt AT cgiar.org | hf |
| John | Curry | FAO | ITA | John.Curry AT fao.org | f |
| Parviz | Dabir-Alai | GBR | dabirp AT richmond.ac.uk | p | |
| An | Dang Thi | Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) | VNM | hmt AT iebr.ac.vn | h |
| Andres | Dasso | PER | rede AT amauta.rcp.net.pe | f | |
| Esther | Day | American Farmland Trust | USA | eday2 AT niu.edu | h |
| Edemir | de Carvalho | Universidade Estadual Paulista | BRA | edecar AT terra.com.br | p |
| Kirk | de Ford | North-West Educational Laboratory | USA | defordk AT nwrel.org | hp |
| Kirk | de Ford | Tabor Tilth Urban Farm | USA | kirk AT teleport.com | h |
| Pieter | de Necker | Dep. of Geogr. and Env. Studies, Univ. of Stellenbosch | SAF | PDN AT akad.sun.ac.za | hpf |
| Marc | de Staercke | Wuropean Federation of City Farms | BEL | efcf AT vgc.be | fh |
| Camille | de Stoop | Environmental Development Action (ENDA) | ETH | fantaw AT telecom.net.et | hf |
| Henk | de Zeeuw | ETC | NLD | h.dezeeuw AT etcnl.nl | hpf |
| Bernd | Decker | UNCHS | KEN | bernd.decker AT unchs.org | p |
| Laura | Declementi | Ministry of Foreign Affairs | ITA | laura.declementi AT fao.org | f |
| Leoncia | Del Mar | Bureau of Agricultural Research | PHL | leoncia_delmar AT yahoo.com | f |
| Mamadou Boye | Diallo | IRAG/DNE | GIN | dalibard AT eti.net.gn | f |
| Stefan | Dongus | DEU | dongus AT gmx.de | p | |
| Djibril | Doucouré | Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine | SEN | djidouc60 AT hotmail.com | p |
| Elizabeth | Dowler | University of Warwick, UK | GBR | elizabeth.dowler AT warwick.ac.uk | h |
| Pay | Drechsel | IBSRAM | GHA | ibsram AT africaonline.com.gh | hf |
| Axel | Drescher | UNI Freiburg | DEU | drescher AT ruf.uni-freiburg.de | hfp |
| Marielle | Dubbeling | Urban Management Programme- UMP-LAC | ECU | marid AT pgu.ecuanex.net.ec | fph |
| Nadine | Dulac | NLD | ndulac AT waste.nl | fp | |
| Mihail | Dumitru | RISSA | Rumania | mdumitru AT icpa.ro | f |
| Jaime | Durango | FAO | ITA? | jaime.durango AT field.fao.org | f |
| Michael | Dutton | University of Natal | ZAF | dutton AT med.und.ac.za | f |
| Derek | Eaton | Wageningen University and Research Centre | NLD | d.j.f.eaton AT lei.wag-ur.nl | hp |
| Josilien | Edouard | TECSULT International | CAN | j.edouard AT tecsult.com | f |
| Peter | Edwards | GBR | pedwards AT sbu.ac.uk | f | |
| Florence | Egal | Economic and Social Department, FAO | ITA | florence.egal AT fao.org | hfp |
| Freda | Eisennberg | Ferrandino & Associates Inc. | USA | fceberg AT aol.com | p |