Editorial

In: UA Magazine 1 - Maiden issue

Growing cities and urban populations are some of the big challenges of the future. The importance of urban agriculture in sustainable urban development is growing. As recognition grows, more people are becoming involved in the issue. Many newsletters and magazines have devoted issues to the subject in recent years, including GATE, Urban Age, African Urban Quarterly, and the LEISA Newsletter, and there have been many workshops and conferences on the subject.

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Urban agriculture: concept and definition

Luc J.A. Mougeot

In: UA Magazine 1 - Maiden issue

This article is a part of a longer article by Luc Mougeot of IDRC from Growing Cities, Growing Food (Bakker et al., 2000). In this excerpt, the author takes the need for conceptual maturity of urban agriculture as a starting point to show the various dimensions of urban agriculture and to claim its firm position in the urban system.

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Urban Agriculture, a response to crisis?

Axel W. Drescher, Petra Jacobi & Joerg Amend

In: UA Magazine 1 - Maiden issue

The authors discuss why people get involved in urban agriculture. The article is based on information extracted from 20 city case studies on urban agriculture worldwide and additionally draws from experiences of the Urban Vegetable Promotion Project in Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania). They argue that local authorities have to take their responsibilities in securing urban food security and to create an impact on urban poverty alleviation.

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Urban food security - UA response to crisis.pdf	177.29 KB

Urban Agriculture and Biodiversity

Jac Smit

In: UA Magazine 1 - Maiden issue

Jac Smit of TUAN (The Urban Agriculture Network, based in the USA) argues that bringing back agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and livestock rearing to the human settlement is a key component in reducing the negative ecological footprint of cities that is 50 to 125 times the area of the city itself. He illustrates this with a number of interesting examples.

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The integration of agriculture in urban policies

Henk de Zeeuw, Sabine Guendel and Hermann Waibel

In: UA Magazine 1 - Maiden issue

The major objective of the International workshop in Havana, Cuba was: 'to move urban agriculture beyond the daily reality of urban farmers to the agenda of policy-makers'. In synthesising that conference, the authors review the variety of conditions that facilitate the growth of UA, and, secondly, discuss a range of policy options to selectively support the development of sustainable urban food production systems. This article is an abridged version of article you can find in Growing Cities, Growing Food (Bakker et al., 2000).

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Learning to live with livestock in town

Ann Waters-Bayer

In: UA Magazine 1 - Maiden issue

Government services concerned with livestock production for urban populations have given most attention to large-scale livestock rearing in the urban periphery. Small-scale rearing of animals by families living inside the cities is usually ignored and often forbidden. However, such urban livestock keeping is much more widespread than most city authorities would care to admit. Ann Waters-Bayer discusses the growth in urban livestock keeping in recent years, classifies various types of urban livestock systems, outlines functions of livestock, and indicates some of the problems caused by these systems.

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Dynamics in tropical homegardens

Raul Boncodin, Dindo Campilan, Gordon Prain

In: UA Magazine 1 - Maiden issue

The importance of home gardens, the small areas of cultivated land immediately surrounding a home or a homestead, is often underestimated despite its vital contribution to meeting various household-needs, especially for the poor families in developing countries. The authors explore the importance of homegardens in the Philippines and give the findings of the programme, Users' Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD).

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Ahmedabad Green Partnership Project

Liliana Marulanda

In: UA Magazine 1 - Maiden issue

Urban forestry programmes and projects need longer time to show results. Trees are long-term products and to make an urban forestry programme a success, the project partners need to keep a constant dialogue and a long-term commitment to make it happen. Liliana Marulanda illustrates this in a description of the Ahmedabad Green Partnership Project, which is an effort between the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) and the Private Sector towards increasing the green cover and improving the environmental quality of Ahmedabad, India.

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Urban agriculture in St Petersburg, Russia

Oleg Moldakov

In: UA Magazine 1 - Maiden issue

The St. Petersburg Downtown Gardening Club is one of the six Eastern European organizations active in SWAPUA, SWAPUA stands for 'Soil and Water Management in Agricultural Production in Urban Areas in CEE/NIS Countries'. In this contribution, Oleg Moldakov from the St. Petersburg Downtown Gardening Club shows that the urban gardening movement in St. Petersburg has a long-standing history, both as a strategy to overcome shortcomings in food availability and for income improvement.

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Urban agriculture in Havana, Cuba

Martin Bourque & Kristina Canizares

In: UA Magazine 1 - Maiden issue

Martin Bourque and Kristina Canizares from Food First, describe the impact of urban agriculture in Havana on availability and cost of fresh produce. The rise of urban agriculture was a clear response on the crisis of the early 1990s, and was stimulated by Government programmes and by the use of appropriate technologies.

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Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No 1, June 2000

The UA-Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme executed by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, The Netherlands and IDRC, Canada. It is published 3 times a year. In the future the UA-Magazine will also be published in French and Spanish, and distributed through regional institutions.

Editorial

This Issue has been compiled by Henk de Zeeuw (guest editor) and René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor).

Photographs

Except for the article of Ahmedabad (photos by L. Marulanda), photos available at RUAF have been used, of the following sources: C. Schilter (Togo), B. Mbiba (Zimbabwe), T. Pinzas (Peru), P. Jacobi (Tanzania), F. Nunan (India), L.M. Sanchez (México), M. Amar-Klemesu (Ghana), PUVPP Project (Phillippines), Ciudad de Havana (Cuba).

Administrations

Bernie Coenders

Web version

Wietse Bruinsma (responsible editor)

Design and layout hardcopy and PDF files

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editing

Amunda N. Salm and Marilyn Minderhoud

Printing

Koninklijke BDU, Barneveld

Subscriptions

ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791
e-mail: ruaf@etcnl.nl
website: www.ruaf.org

Editorial: Livestock in and around cities

Hans Schiere, Azage Tegegne, René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

The cobblestones of the streets in the old city of Pompeii near Rome are scarred by the wheels of wagons that used to be drawn by horses and/or oxen, for carrying goods or for supplying the military. The covered bridge in Florence is now the home of goldsmiths and jewellers who replaced butchers and fish traders, supposedly because a 'Medici' queen complained of the smell.

(A. Scappini, pers. communication 2000)

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Livestock in and around cities (editorial).pdf	277.94 KB

Livestock in nineteenth-century New York City

Louis P. Tremante

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

For two centuries after the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam agriculture on Manhattan Island remained not all that dissimilar from farming elsewhere in northern North America. Over the years farm families engaged in both commercial and subsistence production, raising livestock, garden and field crops. They gladly sold surpluses when they existed, but always sought to provide for domestic needs first.

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Livestock in nineteenth-century New York City.pdf	187.35 KB

Urban livestock agriculture in the state of New Jersey, USA

Anne C. Bellows, Verdie Robinson, Jennifer Guthrie, Troels Meyer, Natalie Peric and Michael W. Hamm

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

Urban livestock agriculture (ULA) in the USA is a constructive, yet largely unknown, underground, and unevenly regulated activity. Livestock encompasses multiple meanings for practitioners in the urban environments: economic buttress, tradition, cultural and/or religious endurance, and community cohesiveness. Research on and policy development for urban livestock (as for community food security generally) is lacking and needed. However, because livestock in the city is kept under diverse legal, illegal, and quasi-legal conditions, and because practitioners tend not to be part of the dominant culture, care must be taken to raise the issues under circumstances of support. In this article it is argued that issues of invisibility, distrust, and/or animosity between regulators and practitioners of urban livestock are founded more in the lack of attention paid by policy makers to food systems and food security generally, than in insurmountable challenges of urban livestock as a positive urban land use.

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Urban livestock agriculture in the state of New Jersey, USA.pdf	124.6 KB

Livestock and livelihoods in Hubli-Dharwad

Fiona Nunan

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

A review of dairies and pig-keeping in the twin-city of Hubli-Dharwad, in the State of Karnataka, illustrates the role of livestock in household livelihood strategies in Indian cities. Small urban dairies and roaming pigs are a common sight in Hubli-Dharwad and make an important contribution to household livelihoods and urban food supplies. However, the future of livestock keeping in urban centres can be questioned, given public concerns at city and national level and recent moves by city authorities to evict pigs.

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Livestock and livelihoods in Hubli-Dharwad.pdf	167.75 KB

The stray-cattle controversy in Delhi

Johan Bentinck

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

In the streets of urban India, many cows can be seen scavenging around. At first glance it may appear as though the cattle are an undisputed part of city life, but the case of Delhi shows that the issue is surrounded by controversy. The persistence of dairy farming in the city is related to how villages and their people become urbanised. Since 1951, about 140 villages have become completely incorporated into the city of Delhi (Census of India, 1991). Caste-specific economic traditions and constraints cause certain households to continue dairy farming despite the spatial constraints.

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The Beja urban economy: understanding and responding to an evolving reality

Sara Pantuliano

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

The Beja are a confederation of tribes united by a common language, TuBedawiye, and a common segmentary structure, each of which is linked to a common ownership and use of land. The three main tribes are the Amar'ar/Atmaan, the Bishariyyn and the Hadendowa, who mostly live in North-eastern Sudan between the Egyptian and the Eritrean borders, and all speak similar versions of TuBedawiye. This article describes the migration of Beja pastoralist labour to Port Sudan from Halaib Province (NE Sudan). It reviews the different livestock holdings that the Beja have in town and shows that, although most urban-based pastoralists live in great poverty, some manage to successfully exploit urban opportunities whilst continuing to engage in rural-based livelihood strategies.

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Urban livestock systems in the Niayes zone in Senegal

Safiétou Touré Fall

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

The main agricultural cities of Senegal are located in the Niayes Zone. Production in this zone accounts for more than two thirds of the total horticultural production, and urban livestock is also well represented. Livestock keeping is well integrated into the production systems, in the form of waste recycling and animal traction. Considerable efforts are being made to restructure the production system in order to meet increasing demand for animal products. An exploratory study of the main agricultural systems in the Niayes Zone indicated that there is great diversity in farm products (fruit and vegetables as well as livestock) and also potential for further development. The main constraints to further development are the land tenure system, deterioration of natural resources, lack of organisation of farmers and minimal access to credit.

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Urban livestock systems in the Niayes zone in Senegal.pdf	197.75 KB

Livestock in a middle-sized East-African town: the case of Nakuru

Dick Foeken & Samuel O. Owuor

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

In a survey done in 1999, basic information was collected on urban farming practices in Nakuru, Kenya. The main aim was to obtain a general overview of urban agriculture in this town for the local authorities in the context of their town planning exercises. Part of the survey covered several aspects of livestock keeping.

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Livestock in a middle-sized East-African town.pdf	196.02 KB

Market-oriented urban and peri-urban dairy systems

Azage Tegegne, Million Tadesse, Yoseph Mekasha and Alemu Yami

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

In this article a systems approach is used to describe urban and peri-urban dairy production systems in Addis Ababa. These urban and peri-urban dairy production systems evolved to satisfy the increasing demand for milk in urban centres as a consequence of increasing urbanisation, rising per capita income and increasing cost of imported milk and milk products. They contribute to overall development through income and employment generation, food security, asset accumulation, poverty alleviation and improving human nutrition and health.

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Market-oriented urban and peri-urban dairy systems.pdf	172.45 KB

Increasing use of poultry manure in Ghana: is farmers' race consumers' fate?

Pay Drechsel, Robert C. Abaidoo, Philip Amoah and Olufunke O. Cofie

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

Livestock production is a vital part of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in Kumasi, where many crop farmers benefit from cheap poultry manure available in large quantities. However, with increasing competition for this resource, the manure is seldom stored long enough to prevent the contamination of food and water with pathogens. While the actual incidence of disease related to this contamination has not yet been assessed, interventions to prevent the spread of infection should focus first of all on the consumer household. Farmers' access to clean irrigation water is another important step but only makes sense if farmers' own practices do not contribute to water pollution.

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Urban livestock in Kumasi: survey findings

Geoffrey Poynter and Denis Fielding

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

Kumasi is Ghana's second largest city after Accra and is the capital of the Ashanti Region. Kumasi is located in the south-central part of the country 100 miles inland from the coast and the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (KMA) is responsible for a population of some 700,000 to 1 million people. The survey reported here was undertaken as an MSc project by the senior author, in 1999 with the aim of characterising urban livestock keeping in Kumasi and identifying the problems encountered by livestock keepers.

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Urban livestock in Kumasi (survey findings).pdf	190.18 KB

Urban pig farming in irregular settlements in Uruguay

Alain Santandreu, Gustavo Castro & Fernando Ronca

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

At the end of the 19th century, Sansón Carrasco (nom de plume of Daniel Muñoz, 1849-1930), reported on pigs being bred with household wastes. His chronicles are still valid today. For instance, in his article "Trash" (1883), he writes:
"...and in the depressions, and on the beach, pigs and more pigs, and always pigs everywhere you look, some of them feeding, some stretched out without a care in the world, others grunting as they get a glimpse of me, as if upset by my intrusion in their domain..."

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Urban pig farming in irregular settlements in Uruguay.pdf	177.84 KB

Veterinary urban hygiene in developing countries

Adriano Mantovani

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

Zoonoses have been defined by WHO (1959) as 'Those disease and infections (the agents of) which are naturally transmitted between (other) vertebrate animals and man'. Recently the concept has been enlarged with the following proposal: 'Any detriment to the health and/or quality of human life deriving from relationships with (other) vertebrate or edible or toxic invertebrate animals', Mantovani 2000).

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Cysticercosis, a zoonosis in rural and urban areas

Katrien van 't Hooft

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

Cysticercosis is one of the most dangerous diseases caused by a parasite that passes from animals to human beings. It is most prevalent in the rural areas of developing countries, from where it can become a threat in urban areas too. Cysticercosis is closely related to economic standards, culture and aspects of hygiene. Latin America, non-Islamic parts of Africa and South East Asia and especially India face major problems with this disease. In this article the author describes cysticercosis that originates from pigs (Cysticercosis cellulosae) in Bolivia, South America.

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Vermiculture for organic waste processing: mini-livestock in Rosario, Argentina

Spiaggi, E.P., Biasatti, N.R., Marc, L.B.

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

Rosario City in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina is an urban centre of more than 1,200,000 inhabitants. Over 20% of the population live in conditions of extreme poverty. Unemployment and marginality leads them to live in the marginal areas, without adequate sanitary services and under limited social and economic conditions. There are many examples of social welfare interventions, which can help to alleviate these conditions of dire poverty.

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Improved pig feed in Vietnam

Dai Peters, Nguyen Thi Tinh, Tran Than Thuy

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

Pig-raising in urban areas has become important in meeting the growing pork demand. The main constraints to using sweet potato vines as pig feed are labour and storage. Regardless of how they are fed to the animals, the vines must first be chopped into small pieces, a daunting and time-consuming task, mainly undertaken by women. If the vines are fed fresh, the women must allocate time each day for this task, even during the busy field season. Silage offers a potential alternative and overcomes both main constraints.

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Linking students to urban livestock producers in Mexico City

Emil Arias

In: UA Magazine 2 - Livestock in and around cities

A model for integrated higher education for training veterinary medical-animal husbandry students is discussed. In this model, students analyse local seasonal foodstuffs and immunisation and parasitism, while learning about marginal livestock producer needs. Both the University and the livestock producing families benefit. The former because it uses local resources, and the latter because they increase their knowledge, and use of foodstuffs, and reduce parasitism and, presumably, public health problems too.

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Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
Volume 1, No 2
October 2000

The UA-Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme executed by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, The Netherlands and IDRC, Canada. It is published 3 times a year. In future, the UA Magazine will be published in French and Spanish, and distributed, possibly in separate editions, through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Ms Marielle Dubbeling, Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean, Ecuador
• Ms Ndèye Fatou Gueye, Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Senegal
• Ms Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Mr Luc Mougeot, IDRC, Canada
• Mr Shingirayi Mushamba, Management Development Programme - East and Southern Africa, Zimbabwe
• Mr Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Africulture (SIUPA), Peru
• Mr Frits Penning de Vries, IBSRAM, Thailand
• Mr Jac Smit,TUAN, USA
• Mr Henk de Zeeuw, ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), Netherlands

Editors No. 2

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), with Hans Schiere, WAU, The Netherlands and Azage Tegegne, of ILRI, Ethiopia (guest editors). Further inputs have been received by Willem van Weperen, Sheila Oparachoa, Katrien van ?t Hooft and Ann Waters-Bayer of ETC-Urban Livestock.

Resonsible web edition

Wietse Bruinsma

Administrations

Bernie Coenders

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Design and Layout

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editor

Sara van Otterloo, Wageningen

Printing

Koninklijke BDU, Barneveld

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4943086
Fax: +31.33.4940791

Editorial: Balancing the Positive and Negative Health Impacts

Karen Lock & René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

Urban agriculture can have both negative and positive effects on the health and environmental conditions of the urban population. Previous reviews or studies of health issues have tended to highlight the health risks of urban and periurban agriculture (e.g. Birley and Lock 1999). This has served to reinforce the perceptions of many governments and municipal authorities that urban agriculture is a (marginal) activity that has substantial health risks and should not be supported.

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Mitigating the Health Risks Associated with Urban and Periurban Agriculture

Karen Lock & Henk de Zeeuw

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

This article focuses on the discussion from the UPA, Health and Environment session of the E-conference. The effects of UPA on the environment were also discussed but will not be included here.

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Mitigating the Health Risks Associated with Urban and Periurban Agriculture.pdf	274.61 KB

Food Policies are Essential for Healthy Cities

Robert M. Pederson & Aileen Robertson

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

Food production and its retail sales are increasingly perceived to be presenting risks to society in Europe. Consumers are concerned, and have lost trust and confidence in their food supply. Policies are therefore needed to limit the risks and to promote the assets of different means of food production and distribution, as well as to restore consumer confidence.

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Food Policies are Essential for Healthy Cities.pdf	282.35 KB

Designing a Research Agenda on Malaria and Agriculture

Designing a Research Agenda on Malaria and Agriculture

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

During the last several decades, a considerable investment of financial resources has been directed towards the development of curative drugs and vaccines against malaria, and to the evaluation of chemical insecticides for mosquito control. Historically, the agricultural dimension has received little attention from the research community, despite its importance as a contributory factor to malaria transmission risks and its inherent opportunities for paradoxically minimising such risks. The incorporation of a relevant health component in agricultural research could contribute to the identification of opportunities for minimising malaria risks through agriculturally-based interventions, both in rural and in urban and periurban settings. The CGIAR system-wide initiative on malaria and agriculture (SIMA) co-ordinated by IWMI (see Networking Section in this issue) has taken up this challenge.

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Pesticide Soil Contamination: a Case Study from Perth, Western Australia

Andrea Gaynor

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

The safety of food produced in urban agriculture depends on a number of factors, including the history of persistent toxic chemicals applied to an area. Using the application of organochlorine pesticides in Perth, Western Australia as a case study, this article examines the problems that can arise when urban agriculture is scattered throughout a metropolitan area, and carried out by people who often have little detailed knowledge of how land in the area has historically been treated, and therefore what kinds of soil contamination might be present. The article concludes with recommendations for health and local government workers, which could help to ensure that households are aware of the potential health risks associated with food production in urban areas, and are able to act to minimise those risks.

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Supporting Farmers towards Safe Year-round Vegetables in Periurban Manila

J.R. Burleigh & L.L. Black

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

Manila typifies the best and the worst of Asian cities. Affluent residential areas with functional sewerage and regular waste collection border squalid areas of cardboard shacks with no amenities. High-rise office and apartment buildings in the municipality of Makati stand in contrast to the squatter areas in Taguig, Muntinlupa, and Mandaluyong.The collapse of the Payatas garbage dump in August 2000 and the deaths of at least 220 squatters who lived at the dump site to scavenge discarded refuse are symptomatic of urban blight and poverty which threaten civility, governance and life itself.

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Supporting Farmers towards Safe Year-round vegetables in Periurban Manila.pdf	182.72 KB

Zoonoses of Dairy Cattle, with Reference to Africa

Pia Muchaal

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

Zoonoses are infections naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans, either directly or indirectly through the consumption of contaminated foods. Traditional zoonotic diseases for which effective control measures and cures are available in affluent countries, are still a cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals in developing countries (Wastling et al. 1999, Cosivi et al. 1995). Increasing urbanisation, the growth of livestock production in close proximity to humans, the rising rate of HIV, inadequate hygienic practices, and cultural customs and beliefs exacerbate the transmission, persistence and impact of zoonotic diseases in these regions.

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Zoonoses of Dairy Cattle, with Reference to Africa.pdf	208.96 KB

Public Health Issues of Wastewater-fed Aquaculture

Peter Edwards

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

Farming fish in ponds fertilised with urban wastewater or sewage is not widespread although it does benefit millions of people, particularly in China, India and Vietnam. It provides food and employment, particularly for the poor, and more general environmental benefits such as low-cost wastewater treatment, stormwater drainage and provision of green areas or "lungs" which improve the health and well-being of urban residents.

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Public Health Issues of Wastewater-fed Aquaculture.pdf	260.01 KB

Reducing Health Risks of Urban Organic Solid Waste Use

Christine Furedy

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

Whereas health concerns received little attention at the beginning of the thrust to promote urban and periurban agriculture in the past five years, progress has been made in articulating the health issues in developing countries. This paper comments further on one aspect related to the issue of health and urban agriculture: the risks of urban organic solid waste re-use. The focus is the relation of health risk management to informal or community-based practices, which are seen as a major challenge for agriculture in the city. Because the capacity of governments to intervene is currently limited, gradual progress in self-regulation or self-limitation of risks is necessary. International projects and experts can assist in developing appropriate standards, research and practical measures.

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Reducing Health Risks of Urban Organic Solid Waste Use.pdf	239.6 KB

Reducing the Health Risks of Using Wastewater in Agriculture: Recommended Changes to WHO Guidelines

U.J. Blumenthal, D.D. Mara, A. Peasey, G. Ruiz-Palacios and R. Stott

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

In many areas of the world, urban agriculture depends on water supplies for irrigation. Water is often extracted from rivers, and these may be contaminated with wastewater, discharged into the river with little or no prior treatment. In some areas, untreated wastewater is used for irrigation directly. Use of both can increase the risk of gastro-intestinal diseases for farm workers and their families, and for the consumers of the crops. Policy makers and farmers need to know what quality of water they can use, and what forms of wastewater treatment (or other health protection measures) can be employed. As the water available for irrigation often does not meet national standards or international guidelines for wastewater reuse, this poses a challenge to the safe development of urban agriculture.

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Reducing the Health Risks of Using Wastewater in Agriculture.pdf	280.63 KB

The Use of Wastewater for Urban Agriculture: the Example of Dakar, Nouakchott and Ouagadougou

Ndèye Fatou Diop Gueye and Moussa Sy

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

Though seemingly trivial, this statement is pertinent as we realise how difficult it is to satisfy all water needs, encompassing domestic needs, agricultural activities, residential and recreational needs. This competition is especially tough in dry climates of the Sahelian zone, such as in Burkina Faso, Mauretania and Senegal

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Periurban Irrigated Agriculture and Health Risks in Ghana

Moïse Sonou

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

In Africa, more than one-third of the population already lives in urban cities, and over the next 25 years, the rapid urbanisation of Africa could lead to increasing food insecurity in the cities. In Ghana, the urban population is growing at an estimated annual rate of 4.1% compared with the overall population growth of 3%. Among major urban problems are those related to unemployment and under-employment, as well as high food prices especially due to the high costs of marketing food products. The growing demand for fresh and perishable agricultural produce in the major cities is driving the development of peri-urban agriculture. This demand is not seasonal, necessitating year-round production, heavily dependent on irrigation.

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Periurban Irrigated Agriculture and Health Risks in Ghana.pdf	172.39 KB

Ecological Sanitation: Closing the Loop

Steven A. Esrey and Ingvar Andersson

In: UA Magazine 3 - Health aspects of urban agriculture

Ecological sanitation, through urine diversion, may contribute to food security, less pollution, better resource management of water, nutrients and soil. It is likely that it can also contribute to health and well-being in two direct ways: less transmission of disease, by killing pathogens at the source, and increased food security, by increasing nutrient intake. It is far more feasible financially and ecologically than conventional approaches, not only by reducing inputs into the system, but increasing savings throughout urban economies. It results in decentralised systems, empowering people, providing for local livelihoods, and enhancing community cohesion. It can be made safer than conventional sanitation approaches and less polluting, reducing urban expenditures for health care and environmental clean-up as well as potentially increasing tourism dollars.

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Ecological Sanitation - Closing the Loop.pdf	207.66 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
Volume 1, No 3
March 2001

The UA-Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme executed by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, The Netherlands and IDRC, Canada. It is published 3 times a year. The UA Magazine is translated into French and Spanish, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Ms Marielle Dubbeling, Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean, Ecuador
• Ms Ndèye Fatou Gueye, Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Senegal
• Ms Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Mr Luc Mougeot, IDRC, Canada
• Mr Shingirayi Mushamba, Management Development Programme - East and Southern Africa, Zimbabwe
• Mr Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Africulture (SIUPA), Peru
• Mr Frits Penning de Vries, IBSRAM, Thailand
• Mr Jac Smit,TUAN, USA
• Mr Henk de Zeeuw, ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), Netherlands

Editors No. 3

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (Responsible Editor), together with Karen Lock (Guest Editor). Inputs have been received by Marianne Lindner of ETC-Crystal.

Resonsible web edition

Wietse Bruinsma

Administrations

Bernie Coenders

Design and Layout

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editor

Amunda Salm, Wageningen

Printing

Koninklijke BDU, Barneveld

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4943086
Fax: +31.33.4940791

Editorial & Interviews

Beacon Mbiba and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

Formal recognition and integration of urban agriculture into urban planning and city development has hardly been changed despite an increase in presence and attention. Some countries have witnessed a reduction in prohibitive or anti-urban agriculture interventions, but the transformation of city responses from prohibitive models towards permissive or enabling ones has hardly materialised nor been formalised. The perceptions and responses to urban agriculture among actors in a certain city at any given time are not consistent. It is argued that there is a need for a flexible approach and differential targeting to further stimulate integration.

Interviews

Planners and policy-makers of Marilao, the Philippines; Accra, Ghana, and Lusaka, Zambia were asked about urban agriculture and planning related issues. Quotations from the interviews are given grouped under questions and issues, related to the issues discussed in the editorial.

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Editorial.pdf	165.55 KB

Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda, Report of the E-Conference

Axel Drescher

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

A virtual conference on "Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda" was jointly organised by FAO and ETC-RUAF, from August 21 - September 30, 2000. The conference was divided into three main themes: Household Food Security & Nutrition; Health & Environment; and Urban Planning. This short article revisits some issues regarding the nature of planning, the diverse opportunities for intervention and potential enhancement tools of urban and peri-urban agriculture.
The introductory and final papers, and the discussion of the e-conference can be found here (in English).

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Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda.pdf	92.26 KB

Why We Need New Urban Planning Concepts; Insights from South Africa

Lena Jarlov

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

This article is a synthesis of insights from a short period of participation in a comprehensive urban planning project in Kimberley and Port Elizabeth (South Africa) in 1998 and 1999. It has been observed that the phenomenon of urban agriculture in these two cities challenges the western concepts of urban planning and reinforces the need for new models appropriate to non-industrialised cities of Africa and other developing countries. The western model assumes labour employment for the majority, travel to work and the separation of work, employment, recreation and so on. However, drawing in particular from Port Elizabeth, the South African experience is that a majority of urban inhabitants is unemployed, and the informal sector economy dominates. This means that work, recreation and housing all occur in one place. Urban agriculture is one activity in the informal sector.

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Why We Need New Urban Planning Concepts.pdf	92.23 KB

Awareness and Action in the UK

Joe Howe and Ian White

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

This paper presents the findings from a UK Government Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) funded survey examining the role played by planning in regulating urban agriculture on allotments, community gardens and city farms in metropolitan areas of the UK. Planners' attitudes to, and knowledge of, urban food production are explored; the geography of, and the agencies involved in, urban food production is detailed and an examination of the regulation of urban food production is undertaken. Despite encouraging signs of an increasing engagement with urban agriculture, planning's apparent low level of involvement remains perplexing given the significance of food to the metropolitan system.

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Awareness and Action in the UK.pdf	71.19 KB

Support for Urban Agriculture Needs Integration in St Petersburg

Oleg Moldakov

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

In Russia, agricultural activities of the urban inhabitants are taking place at significant distances from their urban homes. The term "urban agriculture" refers more to agricultural activities of city dwellers than to agricultural activities within the city boundaries only. The agricultural sites, usually with a house, are called dachas and are located between 6 and 60 km from the city. This article call for the necessary inputs by NGO's and farmer organisations to improve technical know-how and improved use of the facilitating infrastructure to urban agriculture in St. Petersburg.

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Support for Urban Agriculture Needs Integration in St Petersburg.pdf	47.33 KB

Using Urban Agriculture for Sustainable City Planning in Bulgaria: the Case of Trojan

Antoaneta Yoveva and Plamen Mishev

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

Current urban planning and development in Bulgaria does not take into account the existence of urban and peri-urban agriculture. The SWAPUA project, operating in 10 cities in five CEE countries, has identified characteristics of the various types of farming and the main problems associated with urban and peri-urban farming, with an emphasis on soil and water management issues. Here, the case study of the Bulgarian city Trojan is presented.

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Using Urban Agriculture for Sustainable City Planning in Bulgaria.pdf	128.51 KB

The Urban Planning Dilemma in Harare, Zimbabwe

Isaac Chaipa, The Women and Land Lobby Group

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

The growth and geographical spread of urban agriculture in Zimbabwe is largely attributed to the harsh effects of economic structural adjustment programmes (ESAP). The land under cultivation has also increased under the economic hardships of the last years. The responsiveness and actions of urban local authorities in addressing the pressing needs of the urban community has become of utmost significance. The mandate of the Women and Land Lobby Group is to advocate and lobby for gender-sensitive land policies and promote women's economic empowerment through the equitable access to and control of land. The organisation is concerned with ensuring that policies affecting women's access to land are effectively translated into practice and implementation.

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The Urban Planning Dilemma in Harare, Zimbabwe.pdf	76.05 KB

The Marginalisation of Urban Agriculture in Lusaka

Beacon Mbiba

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

In 1987, Sanyal suggested that Lusaka, Zambia, was the capital city of urban agriculture (UA) in Africa. This was at the peak of Zambia's economic crisis. Today, one will easily agree that Harare, Zimbabwe, has taken over as the capital of urban agriculture. There is no longer abundant maize growing and in addition, there is little integration into planning. In fact, urban and peri-urban agriculture has been marginalised out of planning; it is not considered a priority by the city authorities and is being gradually squeezed out by residents seeking lodgings to rent, as well as developers. Under these circumstances, a recurring question is 'what factors determine the integration (or otherwise) of urban agriculture into city planning'?

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The Marginalisation of Urban Agriculture in Lusaka.pdf	109.7 KB

Integration of Agriculture in City Development in Dar Es Salaam

Martin Kitilla and Anasteria Mlambo

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

In the present form, agricultural activities in the city of Dar Es Salaam often conflict with planning of urban land-uses. In some cases, agricultural activities are conducted in fragile environments or hazardous areas of the city, resulting in land degradation and water pollution. In other cases the activities are carried out in areas affected by industrial pollution. The initiative by the Dar Es Salaam City Council to adopt the Environmental Planning and Management approach in the city planning in 1992, was timely and most welcome. Achievements accrued from the new approach have provided significant change to the common practices.

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Integration of Agriculture in City Development in Dar Es Salaam.pdf	125.36 KB

Incorporating Urban Agriculture In Gaborone City Planning

Branco Cavric and Alosius. C. Mosha

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

Today, the scale of urban agriculture (UA) in Botswana's urban settlements is very limited comparing to the intensive agricultural practices found in other Southern African cities. In the capital of Gaborone, one of the fastest growing cities in Africa, a few agricultural projects have been started and integrated into its urban development. The aim of this article is to give more details on these improvements using a case study of Glen Valley that is a typical example of urban agriculture integration into urban planning.

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Incorporating Urban Agriculture In Gaborone City Planning.pdf	81.88 KB

Urban Agriculture Support Programme for Madhyapur Thimi Municipality in Nepal

Kai Weise and Isaac Boyd

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

Traditionally, municipalities in Nepal are defined on the basis of (the accumulation of) non-farm activities. Agriculture is considered to be a rural activity, which is one constraint to the promotion of urban agriculture. How this problem was overcome is narrated in this article, which describes the integration of urban agriculture into the land-use planning of Madhyapur Thimi municipality located in the centre of Kathmandu Valley in Nepal.

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Urban Agriculture Support Programme for Madhyapur Thimi Municipality in Nepal.pdf	66.67 KB

Urban Farming and Land-Use Planning in the Dominican Republic

Jacqueline Acevedo Abinader

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

Scaling up of activities requires land-use planning municipal policies, as well as specific technical, financial and legal incentives, laws or regulations related to land tenure, access and land taxation. The municipality of Santiago de los Caballeros, in the Dominican Republic, aims to promote a more coherent and effective inclusion of urban agriculture citywide through municipal management and land-use planning policies, mechanisms and instruments.

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Urban Farming and Land-Use Planning in the Dominican Republic.pdf	68.84 KB

The El Panecillo Pilot Project in Quito, Ecuador

Marielle Dubbeling, Jesús Loor Bravo & Margarita Llerna Cepeda

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

The Municipality of Quito is challenged by demands to eradicate urban poverty, to improve the urban environment and to promote a participatory style of governance. Urban agriculture is a potential source of food, income and employment, and is part of a multifunctional use of land, and therefore has an important and strategic role to play in this development. By way of a participatory city consultation on urban agriculture, the municipality embarked upon a process of institutionalising urban agriculture.

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The El Panecillo Pilot Project in Quito, Ecuador.pdf	49.54 KB

Multifunctional Land Use: an Opportunity for Promoting Urban Agriculture in Europe

Tjeerd Deelstra, Donald Boyd, Maaike van den Biggelaar

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

Politicians and planners are faced with many competing claims for the use of scarce land in and around cities in industrialised countries. Multifunctional land use - combining different functions within one area - offers a solution. On the basis of a case study in the heavily populated west of the Netherlands, the authors aim to demonstrate that urban agriculture can be promoted as one element land-use offering valuable functions to society.

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Multifunctional Land Use.pdf	86.71 KB

Planning for Urban Agriculture in Suburban Development in Canada

Gerda Wekerle

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

An examination of suburban development plans and official plan documents revealed that planning for urban agriculture in suburban development planning is non-existent in North American cities. While proponents of urban agriculture seek land for food production on remnants and left-over spaces in the core, built up areas of cities, they ignore the potential to include spaces for urban food production in the settlements of the future, from the outset.

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Planning for Urban Agriculture in Suburban Development in Canada.pdf	85.76 KB

Supportive Policies from Two Distant Cities: Lisbon (Portugal) and Presidente Prudente (Brazil)

Isabela. M. Madaleno

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

Agriculture is an old urban function. It never ceased to exist in developing countries and is now once again welcome in most developed countries as well. Poor Brazilian communities see urban agriculture as an alternative survival strategy, because it produces food and improves household's nutrition, but also generates income and jobs. In Portugal, city gardening is small-scale, aimed at giving opportunities for child and adult education, providing ways to produce and consume healthy food, and to enhance contact with land and living things.

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Supportive Policies from Two Distant Cities.pdf	78.7 KB

Planning in a Changing Environment: the Case of Marilao in the Philippines

Leoncio S.Duran, Joseph H. Batac & Pay Drechsel

In: UA Magazine 4 - Integration of UPA in urban planning

Marilao, located on the fringe of Manila in the Philippines, faced a typical peri-urban dilemma a few years ago, when its mayor could not find affordable land for a new waste disposal site. There were more than 850 business firms and housing projects that competed for the use of municipal land. Not only the problem of where to bring the waste was a problem, also what to do with recycled waste and changes in policy and urban management needed to be tackled.

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Planning in a Changing Environment.pdf	80.46 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No 4, July 2001

The UA-Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme executed by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, The Netherlands and IDRC, Canada. It is published 3 times a year. The UA Magazine is translated into French and Spanish, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Ms Marielle Dubbeling, Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean, Ecuador
• Ms Ndèye Fatou Gueye, Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Senegal
• Ms Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Mr Luc Mougeot, IDRC, Canada
• Mr Shingirayi Mushamba, Management Development Programme - East and Southern Africa, Zimbabwe
• Mr Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Africulture (SIUPA), Peru
• Mr Frits Penning de Vries, IBSRAM, Thailand
• Mr Jac Smit,TUAN, USA
• Mr Henk de Zeeuw, ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), Netherlands

Editors No. 4

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (Responsible Editor), together with Beacon Mbiba (Guest Editor). Valuable inputs have been received by Axel Drescher.

Resonsible web edition

Wietse Bruinsma, Lucy Browne, René van Veenhuizen

Administrations

Bernie Coenders

Design and Layout

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editor

Amunda Salm, Wageningen

Printing

Koninklijke BDU, Barneveld

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4943086
Fax: +31.33.4940791

Editorial

René van Veenhuizen, Gordon Prain and Henk de Zeeuw

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Agricultural activities within the city limits have existed since the first urban populations were established thousands of years ago. Yet only recently has urban agriculture become a systematic focus of research and development attention as its scale and importance in the urbanising world we live in become increasingly recognised.

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Editorial.pdf	198.29 KB

The Contribution of Research, a methodological review

Arturo Perez Vazquez and Simon Anderson

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Developments in urban agriculture have been practitioner-led. Researchers are trying to catch up and identify what contributions they can make. Research could learn from the successes and failures addressed in other forms of agriculture, and thus identify and address the researchable questions in a proactive way. Those who wish to engage in the development of agriculture in cities will need to take a constructivist approach to innovation facilitation, whereby they should recognise that they are just one of a set of actors involved in the process.Here, the authors review some methods that have been used in the study of urban agriculture, from actor-oriented and action-research perspectives.

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The Contribution of Research.pdf	172.62 KB

Gender Considerations for urban agriculture research

Alice Hovorka

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

The incorporation of gender considerations into urban agriculture research is increasing, and indeed, there have been advances over the last decade in our understanding of both men's and women's experiences with farming in cities around the world. There is a move away from the so-called "urban farmer", an undifferentiated, masculine, normalised urban dweller who engages in agriculture. Instead, there is greater recognition that people's experiences with urban agriculture cannot be easily standardised and that gender neutrality does not necessarily capture the breadth of such experiences.

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Gender Considerations for urban agriculture research.pdf	164.89 KB

TOPIC PAPER 1: Methodologies for Situation Analysis

Adrienne Martin, Nicoliene Oudwater and Sabine Gundel

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Situation analysis in urban and peri-urban agriculture is often a starting point for programmes and projects supporting interventions to improve the contribution of urban agriculture to income, family nutrition, social and environmental conditions and well-being. Yet there has been little specific consideration of appropriate methods and tools for assisting situation analysis in the urban and periurban context. The focus in this article is on methods, which help to build and facilitate action-oriented programmes, particularly emphasising participatory diagnosis and learning. We consider some of the broader analytical frameworks for understanding, and the conceptual challenges in investigating UPA. We then discuss some specific contexts of investigation in a UPA setting and raise issues for critical reflection in relation to the use of the methods and tools described.

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Methodologies for Situation Analysis.pdf	154.29 KB

Rapid Visual Diagnosis Applied in Montevideo

Alain Santandreu

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

The local government of Montevideo, along with its citizens and civil organisations, is promoting baseline studies and action plans for the implementation of urban agriculture programmes. Baseline studies should identify the principal practices and their distribution in the city. The fieldwork allows for comprehension of the most relevant characteristics of the urban farmers, as well as experiences of public organisations (Municipality of Montevideo, schools, universities, etc.), NGOs, and producer organisations. In addition, it examines the nutritional state and the current normative and legal framework of the city.

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Rapid Visual Diagnosis Applied in Montevideo.pdf	134.79 KB

Commercial Horticulture, appraising the potential

Allison Brown

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

For market-oriented farmers, the agriculture production plan should be derived from a proper marketing plan, not vice versa. The issue for farmers is not which crops can be grown, since this may be many, but what can be profitably sold. However, sound market development and advice, is a more difficult task than transferring production skills. This is the reason why market extension is often lacking or not a priority. This paper describes an Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture Rapid Appraisal (UPARA) for the assessment of social, economic, and technical factors affecting market gardeners. For market-oriented farmers, the agriculture production plan should be derived from a proper marketing plan, not vice versa. The issue for farmers is not which crops can be grown, since this may be many, but what can be profitably sold. However, sound market development and advice, is a more difficult task than transferring production skills. This is the reason why market extension is often lacking or not a priority.

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Commercial Horticulture, appraising the potential.pdf	136.53 KB

Women's Involvement in Cape Town: a social development perspective

Rachel Slater

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Urban agriculture research in Southern and Eastern Africa has concentrated largely on the use of questionnaires and surveys, usually with a view to understanding the economic benefits accruing to those who practice urban agriculture. For researchers, the focus has been on identifying and analysing the contribution of urban agriculture to income generation, subsistence and food security or on considering its environmental and planning implications. So what are the dynamics behind urban agricultural activity in this context? Why do people living in low-income settlements in Cape Town invest time and money in agriculture in the absence of economic benefits?

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Women's Involvement in Cape Town.pdf	152.55 KB

TOPIC PAPER 2: A Framework for Facilitating Planning and Policy

Marielle Dubbeling

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Urban agriculture is not a new phenomenon in the present-day cities of the world, and is more and more considered as an integrated part of urban management (as a strategy for poverty alleviation, income and employment generation and environmental management). However, only in few cases has urban agriculture been integrated into policy-making and planning.

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A Framework for Facilitating Planning and Policy.pdf	204.74 KB

Participatory Planning in the City of Havana, Cuba

María Caridad Cruz

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

The scope and popular recognition of the social revolution that began in Cuba in 1959 has created a Cuban model of participation in which the people identify with, and make theirs, the claims of the government. As a result the population is very involved in carrying out projects, but is much less involved in planning processes. Community participation in planning for urban agriculture development in Cuba is directly related to this particular model of participation.

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Participatory Planning in the City of Havana, Cuba.pdf	149.38 KB

Pollution Effects on Urban and Periurban Agriculture in India

Fiona Marshall & Dolf Te Lintelo

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

This paper introduces a methodology for assessing the social and economic policy implications of pollution impacts on the yield, quality and safety of urban and peri-urban crops. The approach emphasises non-market valuation of agricultural produce and the inclusion of the poor, whilst developing strategies to link the micro- and macro-level policy perspectives to influence ongoing policy debates.

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Pollution Effects on Urban and Periurban Agriculture in India.pdf	130.98 KB

TOPIC PAPER 3: Technical Tools for Urban Land Use Planning

Axel W Drescher

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Despite increasing attention, little is known about the actual extent and spatial distribution of urban agriculture in inner city areas. Questions need to be answered about the concentration of urban agricultural activities and the reasons for this concentration, kinds of soils occupied, water availability and quality, crops grown, (groups of) actors involved, distance to markets, and the contribution of the product to urban food security and nutrition. The application of any tool requires community participation.

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Technical Tools for Urban Land Use Planning.pdf	163.04 KB

Actor's Interplay in Mexico City: the Compatibility Matrix applied

Andrés Bucio Galindo

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Urban agriculture cannot be perceived, assessed, or developed as if it exists or has existed in a historical or political vacuum. Power relations and non-material processes have shaped urban environments for centuries. Attention to these issues is important, when considering the need and desirability for more urban agriculture development in cities. This article first discusses the relevance of a political ecology of urban agriculture; it highlights the importance of an actor-oriented approach in understanding the link between urban planning and urban agriculture. Secondly, it will refer to Mexico City's actors' interplay in the context of a local and global politicised environment.

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Actor's Interplay in Mexico City.pdf	175.04 KB

Community Resources Management in Central Mindanao, Philippines

R. Esquillo-Ignacio, A. Ignacio and Françoise Orban-Ferauge

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

The City of Malaybalay in Bukidnon Province in the Southern Philippines has areas lying within the Pantaron - a very critical mountain range for securing water resources for Mindanao Island. Belgian and Philippine research institutes have joined continuing efforts to facilitate the official recognition, by local government units and national line agencies, of the inherent capability of indigenous communities to ensure a sustainable environment using a GIS methodology. A pilot area has been set up in the city for promoting participatory environmental management with a solid scientific basis. This article describes the background and principles of the approach.

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Community Resources Management in Central Mindanao, Philippines.pdf	151.78 KB

TOPIC PAPER 4: Appropriate Methods for Technology Development

Safiétou T. Fall and Henk de Zeeuw

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

The urban agriculture production system is characterised by a variety of agricultural micro-enterprises, the performance of which is not only limited by bio-climatic, land and socio-economic constraints but also by important technical restrictions. Although urban farmers are quite dynamic and innovative and have a vast scope for technical improvement, the rate of development and diffusion of technologies to these systems is still limited. This article explores the methods and procedures that may be applied with success to urban agriculture.

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Appropriate Methods for Technology Development.pdf	172.48 KB

The Network Approach; the production and consumption chain in Senegal

Abdou Salam Fall, Ousmane Guèye and El Hadji Malick Ba

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

This article presents a social analysis of the co-ordination of the production-consumption chain in agriculture. The inter-relations in two production-consumption chains are compared; cereals and dairy in Senegal. Social network analysis is a valuable means of exploring the dynamics of urban agriculture and how economic reasoning is embedded in these social networks.

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The Network Approach.pdf	126.52 KB

Farmer Field Schools: an ideal method for urban agriculture?

Gordon Prain

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Farmers in urban settings sometimes have limited pools of local technical knowledge on which to draw compared to their rural counterparts, sometimes because they are new to farming, sometimes because the environment in which they farm is new and unfamiliar. The Farmer Field Schools (FFS) provides the means for farmers and facilitators to explore available local knowledge and very importantly in this context, to identify the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed. Some pros and cons are discussed below.

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Farmer Field Schools.pdf	113.58 KB

Identifying Priorities for Technology Development

Charles Quansah

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Periurban agriculture is confronted with several interrelated issues, which are all linked to increasing population and rapid urban growth. A major concern is the increasing conversion of agricultural land for housing development vis à vis the need to produce sufficient food on a sustainable basis to satisfy the increasing urban demand. This paper presents a case study in which various participatory methods were used in research priority setting and planning, accommodating local knowledge in the development and choice of appropriate technologies and monitoring and evaluation. It will focus on SWAP, which elsewhere is referred to as SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats).

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Identifying Priorities for Technology Development.pdf	162.48 KB

TOPIC PAPER 5: Monitoring and Evaluation

Dindo Campilan, Pay Drechsel and Daniel Jöcker

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

The terms Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) are often used in a broader sense than what is known from project work. Half of the resource papers for the workshop presented 'M&E experiences' that consisted of surveys and analyses of biophysical, socio-economic or institutional urban agricultural issues without specific reference to any project or policy intervention. In the strict sense, this kind of "M&E" would be better classified as Situation Analysis and Diagnosis (see the NRI paper). Nonetheless, this topic paper considers that repeated situation analyses also contribute to project M&E. While there is already a well-established body of general literature on M&E in agricultural research and development (R&D), most of the reported experiences are based on the rural setting. Here differences and appropriate methodsare discussed.

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Monitoring and Evaluation.pdf	151.28 KB

Different Ways to Monitor urban and peri-urban agriculture in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Petra Jacobi and Suzan Kiango

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

In Tanzania, urban and peri-urban agriculture is a well-known activity and has reached the level of official acceptance (Jacobi et al. 2000). Systematic monitoring and evaluation as well as channelling generated information and feedback from the field to the relevant levels has supported this acceptance. A balance is sought between "conventional" and "participatory" monitoring. Both "hard data" are necessary, as is a system that allows primary stakeholders to monitor and evaluate their activities using different methods and their own indicators. Truly appropriate monitoring and evaluation should enhance internal learning and provide evidence to support qualitative statements about the impact of an action. This information can be relevant to members of the community and to decision-makers.

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Different Ways to Monitor urban and periurban agriculture in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.pdf	147.77 KB

Improving Food and Nutrition Security; homestead gardening in Bangladesh

Aminuzzaman Talukder, Saskia de Pee, Abu Taher, Andrew Hall, Regina Moench-Pfanner and Martin W. Bloem

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Malnutrition is a serious public health problem in Bangladesh. It can have serious impacts on the population as it retards child growth, increases the risk and duration of illness, reduces work output, and slows social and mental development. Improving nutritional status, including micronutrient status, can lead to increased productivity, increased child survival and growth, and reduced maternal morbidity and mortality.

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Improving Food and Nutrition Security.pdf	157.15 KB
Improving Food and Nutrition Security(full article).doc	184.5 KB

Assessing the Socio-Economic Impact

Paule Moustier

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

This paper provides practical indicators and field methods for assessing the impact of urban and periurban agriculture in social and economic terms (employment, income, added value, and food supply). In a context of growing advocacy for policy support in favour of urban agriculture, and while public resources are shrinking, it is necessary that researchers provide rigorous assessments of the contribution of agriculture to the city's policy objectives (Ellis and Sumberg 1998). This paper is based on the author's fieldwork in West and Central Africa, with a focus on vegetable production and marketing (Moustier 2000), as well as on a literature review.

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Assessing the Socio-Economic Impact.pdf	166.01 KB

The value of urban agriculture: the Contingent Valuation Method applied in Havana, Cuba

Patrick Henn and John Henning

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Despite widely known benefits, urban agriculture is often marginalised in urban planning, considered a temporary activity and inconsistent with the idea of a modern city. It occupies space where, it is argued, more economically valuable development could take place. This last argument is probably valid if the market value of the output of UA is compared to, say, a commercial development. But, it is less clear cut if we include the non-market benefits of UA. This inclusion of non-market benefits is the basis of a form of cost-benefit analysis that has emerged in the past decade. While measuring the monetary value of market goods is relatively straightforward, valuing non-market benefits is more of a challenge.

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The value of urban agriculture.pdf	167.16 KB

TOPIC PAPER 6: Appropriate Methods for Micro Enterprise Development

Robert J. Holmer

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Much of the developing countries' rapidly growing population, forms part of the economy that lies outside the regulatory framework of governments, in what is known as the informal sector. Although the definitions vary according to the country context, it is generally agreed that the informal sector, whether rural or urban, comprises small and micro-enterprises producing and distributing basic goods and services in unregulated, but competitive markets. Micro-enterprises provide income and employment for significant proportions of workers in rural and urban areas.

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Appropriate Methods for Micro Enterprise Development.pdf	191.47 KB

PROVE, Small Agricultural Production Verticalization Programme

João Luiz Homem de Carvalho

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

The PROVE - "Small Agricultural Production Verticalisation Programme", is a programme designed to promote small agricultural production, processing and trade. It involves many urban and peri-urban agricultural systems, including vegetable-gardening, fruit-growing and livestock systems. Intervention is at the individual and/or collective level, especially aimed at the lower income groups. The stages of the approach are given in (eleven) rungs in a ladder

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Small Agricultural Production Verticalization Programme.pdf	182.04 KB

Quality and Quantity Demand for Vegetables, survey in a Philippine urban setting

Amelia Luz P. Agbayani, Robert J. Holmer, Gerald E. Potutan and Wilfried H. Schnitzler

In: UA Magazine 5 - Methodologies for UA research, policy development, planning and implementation

Two studies were conducted to characterise the demand of private households, vendors and institutional users for fresh vegetables in Cagayan de Oro City, the Philippines. Specifically, these surveys aimed to provide baseline data for decision-makers and farmer-practitioners to further improve the market transparency for vegetables and, thus, contribute to better producer and consumer linkages.

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Quality and Quantity Demand for Vegetables.pdf	169.15 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No 5, December 2001

The UA Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme co-ordinated by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada. The UA Magazine is published 3 times a year, and is translated into French and Spanish, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Marielle Dubbeling, Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean, Ecuador
• Ndèye Fatou Gueye, Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Senegal
• Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Luc Mougeot, IDRC, Canada
• Shingirayi Mushamba, Management Development Programme - East and Southern Africa, Zimbabwe
• Gordon Prain, CIP - Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Africulture (SIUPA), Peru
• Frits Penning de Vries, IBSRAM, Thailand
• Jac Smit,TUAN, Washington, USA
• Henk de Zeeuw, ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), the Netherlands

Editors No. 5

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), together with the topic coordinators.

Resonsible web edition

Lucy Browne, René van Veenhuizen

Administrations

Lucy Browne

Design and Layout

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editor

Amunda Salm, Wageningen & Lucy Browne

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4943086
Fax: +31.33.4940791

Editorial - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

Moniek van Hirtum, Eric Goewie, Yilma Getachew, René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

Ecological agriculture is seen as especially relevant to the urban setting. The introduction in rural settings of ecological practices is still debated, although it seems that the call for the coexistence of both conventional and ecological farming in an adequate mix seems to be the best option. This begs the question of whether similar arguments apply to the urban setting and which lessons can be learned for urban agriculture.

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Editorial.pdf	218.57 KB

Organic Production, What is it?

Eric Goewie

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

There are several judgements about "Organic Production": it is typically an invention of the rich in Western Europe, projecting their loss in nature and biodiversity onto developing countries." or "organic production as a notion has too many definitions: What is the difference between organic, biological, ecological, biodynamic, integrated or agroecological production?" or yet again "it is too complicated for poor people to quickly understand," Scientists and policy-makers however, encounter evidence that organic production does make sense. Pretty (1999) shows that organic production provides sufficient and healthy food in developing countries. Developments in Cuba show that organic production raised more advantages than was accepted before. Evidence from Western Europe demonstrates that organic production is profitable indeed. However, it is still problematic to understand exactly what falls under the notion "organic production". One thing is clear: organic production has strong potential for drawing consumer response. This article explains the discrepancy between judgement and reality concerning organic production.

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Organic Production.pdf	248.36 KB

Biodiversity, Poverty and Urban Agriculture, in Latin America

Alain Santandreu, Alberto Gómez Perazzoli and Marielle Dubbeling

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

Over the years the poor have migrated to the cities in Latin America and the Caribbean in their search for higher incomes and a better life. Cities in the region have grown rapidly, and for the first time in history there are more poor people living in urban than in rural areas. Among the strategies employed by both the poorer urban population, and the local governments are agriculture and biodiversity conservation. Recent research conducted in Havana (Cuba); Montevideo (Uruguay) and Porto Alegre (Brazil) provide ample examples thereof.

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Biodiversity, Poverty and UA, in Latin America.pdf	179.24 KB

Selbsternte: a New Concept of Urban Organic Farming in Austria

Christian R. Vogl and Paul Axmann

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

Cities like Vienna (Austria) are known for great monuments and wonderful art. At first glance, urban agriculture seems to be limited to public baroque gardens, some vineyards, Schrebergärten and intensive vegetable growing. But recently, clever consultants, organic farmers and "green-minded" consumers have developed a new concept of urban organic farming that allows new ways of interaction between organic farmers and urban citizens in residential areas.

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Selbsternte.pdf	193.74 KB

Integrating Ecological Practices into Urban Garden Management in Developing Countries

Giovanni Galanti

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

This paper is based on a project proposal to set up urban organic gardens in Thailand. The author takes the Cuban experience as a starting point and gives his ideas on the "transition process".

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Integrating Ecological Practices.pdf	174.21 KB

Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Technologies

Adapted from Trevor Young

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

Adapted report of a study to discover the factors which determine the choice of farmers in the UK, Spain and Brazil of agricultural technology and why some adopt sustainable production techniques. Organic farming was chosen as the basis for the empirical analysis used throughout the project.

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Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Technologies.pdf	127.55 KB

Campesino Experiences in Commercialisation, Organic Certification and Fair Trade

Guillermo Travez with a text-box by Eric Goewie

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

Consumers are increasingly calling for safe and healthy food and have more knowledge about this. Once convinced, they are more likely to accept higher prices for such food. Producers should therefore thriving to prove that the quality and safety of their commodities is to consumers' standard. Labelling is a strong tool to do so. But what is labelling? And how to certify that the label does what it promises? Certification is the answer to this.

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Campesino Experiences in Commercialisation.pdf	104.16 KB

The Living Garden : a Bio-intensive Approach to Urban Agriculture in Ethiopia

Yilma Getachew

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

The organic approach to food production has long been considered by Ethiopian decision-makers as one which leads to poor yields, is backward and a reason for decaying farming systems. However, the reality is completely different. Recently, urban agriculture is accepted as a new and important frontier to food production and even as a tool to fight poverty and environmental pollution. The bio-intensive approach to urban agriculture is simply to rely more and more on natural processes rather than on external inputs resulting in a simpler, more affordable and local approach, leading to greater equity, replicability and sustainability. This article is aimed at sharing the author's long years of experience in Ethiopia in the effort to promote urban agriculture.

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The Living Garden.pdf	162.86 KB

Tackling Permaculture in the UK

Graeme Sherriff and Joe Howe

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

The term "permaculture" is derived from Bill Mollison's vision of permanent agriculture. Permaculture is about producing food in an environmentally sound way. It is concerned with people growing their own food on their own land and using it for themselves, their immediate family and possibly the local community. This is the impression gained from examining permaculture food projects in Britain. Since its inception permaculture has developed and diversified. It is essentially an approach to designing productive whole systems, through the maximisation of the interconnectedness of elements, which has an ethical foundation in sustainability and a scientific basis in ecology. The key characteristic is that it sets out to maximise beneficial relationships through the effective placement of elements.

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Tackling Permaculture in the UK.pdf	139.7 KB

Community Backyard Farming in Cuba

Justo Torres Lazo and Francisco Paz Barada

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

The Community Patio project in Havana, Cuba, described in this article, encourages the practice of urban agriculture, utilising permaculture techniques in small spaces in the home (patios, balconies, rooftops, gardens, terraces, etc.) producing food, medicinal plants, spices and ornamental plants. It further includes environmental education and capacity-building for neighbours and other interested parties through periodic workshops, courses and conferences.

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Community Backyard Farming in Cuba.pdf	119.9 KB

Perceptions of Organic Agriculture by Urban Vegetable Farmers and Consumers in Ghana

George Danso, Pay Drechsel and Simon C. Fialor

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

A typical phenomenon of urban agriculture is its specialisation in perishable products. In Kumasi, Ghana, as in other cities in sub-Saharan Africa, vegetable market production takes place on inner-city lowland areas, close to stream and drains or in the periurban environment, where high amounts of seeds, manure/fertiliser and pesticides are used. Research is undertaken into biological production methods and to risks reducing options beyond the farm level, i.e. at markets and households, but it shows that the adoption rate of biological farming methods remained very low among vegetable growers. How to convince urban farmers and consumers?

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Perceptions of Organic Agriculture.pdf	146.96 KB

Cuba's Organic perspectives

Esther Roycroft-Boswell

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

This shortened version of an earlier published version describes the historic background of why organic and urban agriculture were seen as important by the Cuban Government. Large tracts of land were switched from export-oriented cash crops to food crops. Government incentives encouraged unemployed people in large urban centres to move back to work on the land. This created, almost overnight, a new urban gardening culture. Organic agriculture was specifically promoted by the Cuban Organic Agriculture Organisation, which linked government researchers and extension workers.

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Cuba's Organic perspectives.pdf	122.3 KB

Organic Urban Agriculture in the City of Havana

Mario González Novo and Gunther Merzthal

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

This article takes the previous one further. The economic crisis that struck the country made the revitalisation of old initiatives necessary. For instance, the concept of "Conuco"(plot and garden). The urban agriculture initiatives received widespread support by state institutions, scientific, and non-governmental institutions. The challenge for agriculture in the cities Urban Agriculture without Chemicals is described.

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Organic UA in the City of Havana.pdf	173.43 KB

Training in Backyard Organic Vegetable Production in Michoacán, Mexico

Mario A. Cepeda Villegas, Eulalio Venegas González and Ma. Eugenia Rangel González

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

Family agricultural activity growth in the Mexican regions of Xochimilco, Milpa Alta, Tlalpan, Texcoco, Azcapotzalco and Tláhuac has improved the diets of many families, who, due to their depressed economic situation, have few opportunities to buy vegetables (Canabal 2000). Urban agriculture further creates employment and may lead to improvement in the environment when utilising organic inputs and recycling water and waste. The Opciones de Autosuficiencia Familiar (Family Subsistence Alternatives) project working to facilitate the contribution of urban agriculture is described here.

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Backyard Organic Vegetable Production.pdf	130.06 KB

The Creation of Viable Rural-Urban Interfaces

Prof. Dr. E.-A. Nuppenau

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

A major theme in the creation of viable urban-rural interfaces is the creation of natural resource scarcities by urbanisation. Urbanisation is driven by the desire for short-run economic growth and wealth in ever growing cities. Therefore, periurban agriculture should provide a bypass for this ecologically unhealthy development of large urban agglomerations. Sustainable, or at least less ecologically harmful, development of mega-cities can only be reached if it is grounded in a better development of periurban agriculture, biotic resource recycling and waste management.

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The Creation of Viable Rural-Urban Interfaces.pdf	119.57 KB

Learnings from the Cape Flats Townships, ecological micro-farming among the poor in Cape Town

Rob Small

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

South Africa is being pulled into the global economy. Still there is a great need for locally produced food, as is shown in this story about the Cape Flats bio-zone. The Cape Flats townships, low-income settlements to the northeast of Cape Town, are vast encampments at the city gates. While the majority of government agricultural development funds are being poured into the conventional, often large-scale farm movement, the general organic movement is alive and well. Abalimi Bezekhaya (Planters of the Home) is an NGO focusing consistently on direct poverty alleviation through micro-organic vegetable gardening among the poor.

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Learnings from the Cape Flats Townships.pdf	153.63 KB

The Struggle for Sustainable Livelihood Gender and Organic Urban Agriculture in Valencia City, Philippines

Leonora C. Angeles

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

The promotion of sustainable local livelihoods through urban agriculture will be unsustainable if urban farmers get trapped in the same cycle of dependency on expensive chemical farm inputs, like fertiliser and pesticides. This realisation has led to the promotion of organic urban farming by local community organisations in the cities of Valencia and Malaybalay in Bukidnon province, and Cagayan de Oro city in Mindanao, Philippines.

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The Struggle for Sustainable Livelihood.pdf	142.61 KB

A Strategy for Local Development of Lower-Income Urban Sectors Organic Urban Agriculture in Rosario

Antonio Lattuca, Silvana Mariani and Raúl Terrile

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

Argentina, like the rest of Latin America, is confronted with the challenge of combating structural poverty. Urban agriculture - particularly when using organic methods - is seen as a viable and appropriate strategy for easing poor urban sectors. This article presents two cases in which this strategy was developed in two cities contrasting greatly in size: Rosario and Camilo Aldao.

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A Strategy for Local Development.pdf	147.43 KB

Urban Organic Farming at the University of Costa Rica

Jorge A. Briceño, Federico Fernández and Giselle Alvarado

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

According to a study, organic production has increased constantly in the last years in Costa Rica, involving a high diversity of crops. The Organic Farming Program of the University of Costa Rica works in research, extension, and teaching of soils, animals and plants, post harvest management, and rural development. This Programme coordinates all the activities on organic farming at the University and has cooperative links with other institutions both at national and international levels. This article narrates some of the experiences.

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Urban Organic Farming at the University of Costa Rica.pdf	154.48 KB

Organic Waste at Low Cost: Dilemmas of a Transition Period

Christine Furedy

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

Farmers generally recognize the benefits of organic matter and seek to acquire it. Demand for compost is high, but studies in Africa and India show that farmers have difficulty acquiring enough organic matter at suitable prices. Composting of municipal solid wastes is now being promoted to reduce the amounts of waste requiring disposal and treatment by cities. The potential for improving low-cost reuse of urban waste is discussed here.

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Organic Waste at Low Cost.pdf	146.66 KB

Risk Reduction in Sewage Irrigated Farming Systems in Hubli-Dharwad, India

Andrew Bradford, Robert Brook and Chandra Hunshal

In: UA Magazine 6 - Transition to Ecological Urban Agriculture: A Challenge

In the twin city Hubli-Dharwad, untreated sewage is commonly used for irrigation in peri-urban agriculture. Farmers extract sewage for irrigation from sewage nallahs (open sewers) and underground sewer pipes. In this semi-arid climate the waste water is an extremely valuable resource for farmers, as pumping from sewage nallahs or drains is cheaper than a borehole, which makes the practice more accessible to farmers with fewer financial resources. It also provides an irrigation source during the dry season, when farmers can sell their produce for three to five times the kharif (monsoon) season prices. However, Unregulated and continuous irrigation with sewage may lead to environmental problems and poses serious public health risks. The adoption of certain micro technologies can reduce the risks faced by farmers who have irrigated with sewage.

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Risk Reduction in Sewage Irrigated Farming Systems.pdf	155.21 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No 6, March 2002

The UA Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme co-ordinated by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada. The UA Magazine is published 3 times a year, and is translated into French, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Marielle Dubbeling, Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean, Quito, Ecuador
• Ndèye Fatou Gueye, Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Dakar, Senegal
• Shingirayi Mushamba, Management Development Programme - East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe
• Cia Jianming, Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China
• Ismael CEDARE, Cairo, Egypt
• Stephanie Buechler, IWMI, Hyderabad, India
• Jac Smit,TUAN, Washington, USA
• Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Luc Mougeot, IDRC, Canada
• Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (SIUPA), Peru
• Henk de Zeeuw, ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), the Netherlands

Editors No. 6

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), together with Moniek van Hintum
Guesteditors: Eric Goewie, The Netherlands; Yilma Getachew, Ethiopia and The Spanish Edition Editorial Group consists of: Vilda Figueroa, Cuba; Patricio Yañes, Chile; Mario Gonzalez Novo, Cuba; Alain Santandreu, Uruguay.

Web Editing

Lucy Browne and René van Veenhuizen

Administrations

Sonja Slingerland and Lucy Browne

Design and Layout

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editor

Amunda Salm, Wageningen

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4943086
Fax: +31.33.4940791

Editorial: The Economics of Urban Agriculture

César Jaramillo Avila and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture provides multiple functions and benefits to urban dwellers and cities. Political support is growing and further research and financial support to enhance the contribution of urban agriculture to sustainable urban development is necessary. In this issue of the UA Magazine we focus on the analysis and understanding of the economics of urban agriculture, during periods of economic recession as well as in times of a well developing economy.

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Editorial.pdf	322.29 KB

Micro-Credit and Investment

Marielle Dubbeling

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

Urban Agriculture has been recognised in many cities to be a vehicle for urban environmental improvement, and for strengthening the development of productive, sustainable and democratic cities. Both financial and political legitimacy are essential to support this development and the scaling-up of positive experiences. Progress has been recorded and assessed on political support rather than on the financial one, despite a growing interest of development and financial agencies.

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Micro-Credit and Investment.pdf	178.16 KB

Income of Farming Systems Around Kumasi

George Danso, Pay Drechse, Thomas Wiafe-Antwi and Lucy Gyiele

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

Market proximity is a major incentive for the intensification of farming systems or change of systems to more profitable ones. Around Kumasi, many rainfed maize-cassava farmers started dry-season vegetable production along streams to generate additional income, while in the city itself, year-round open-space vegetable production is common, especially in bottomlands with water access for irrigation. The motivation to start urban vegetable farming is largely economic, which is the subject of this article.

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Income of Farming Systems Around Kumasi.pdf	199.32 KB

Municipal Strategies for the Primary Sector of the District of Moreno

E. Craig, L. Falco and L. Sabatte

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

The horticultural and ornamental plant production sector of the district of Moreno in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is strategically located in an urban area with direct access to the major markets of the country. Horticultural producers predominantly belong to the Bolivian colony, with scarce income, using own labour, living in extremely substandard housing. They have recently established a Local Commercialisation Market with the institutional support of the Moreno Municipal Institute of Local Economic Development (IMDEL). Growers of ornamental plants are mostly from the Japanese (herbs) and Italian (trees and shrubs) communities, who are capable of undertaking larger capital investments in their operations. They have established a local association and in 2001 organised the first Exhibit of Plants and Cut Flowers of Moreno. Both groups of producers have benefited from the National Employment Emergency Plan. IMDEL offered the producers micro-credits at low rates. The experiences are described here.

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Municipal Strategies for the Primary Sector of the District of Moreno.pdf	177.85 KB

Urban Agriculture Project in the Conjunto Palmeira Slum

João Joaquim de Melo Neto Segundo

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

Conjunto Palmeira is a slum with 30,000 inhabitants, situated in the southern area of Fortaleza-Cearà, a metropolis located in the northeast of Brazil. The first inhabitants arrived here in 1973 and started building their houses spontaneously, without access to purified water, electric power, schools or other public services. In 1981, the Association of Settlers of the Conjunto Palmeira (ASMOCONP) was founded, starting the process of organisation of the families. Banco Palmas has opened a small line of credit for urban agriculture, which is described here.

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Urban Agriculture Project in the Conjunto Palmeira Slum.pdf	197.15 KB

The Economic Impact of Urban Agriculture on home gardeners in Ouagadougou

S. Gerstl, G. Cissé and M. Tanner

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture can provide benefits but also risks for urban inhabitants. This study confirmed that the strengths overshadow the risks of practicing home gardening in a sub-Sahelian setting, and underlined the positive economic impact and food security for home gardeners. However, these two benefits depend on seasonal variations and external factors. Nevertheless, home gardeners still have a precarious existence and need strategies for increasing their security. This article is based on a study of the socio-economic impact of home gardening in the capital of Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou (Gerstl 2001). Among other aspects, this study examined home gardening as a livelihood compared to other livelihood activities carried out by people with a similar background, both in terms of amount of income and in the way it varied from season to season and from place to place. The reasons for this variation were investigated, in order to make suggestions on how the situation for these families could be improved.

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The Economic Impact of UA on home gardeners in Ouagadougou.pdf	267.72 KB

Economic Impact of Using Low External Inputs in the Chinampa Periurban Agricultural System

R. Soriano, J.D. Leaver, G. Woodgate and H. Losada

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

A study was carried out in order to assess the economic performance of the periurban agroecosystem known as "chinampa". Chinampa is small piece of land of irregular form, of pre-Hispanic origin, where inhabitants from the valley of Mexico still produced a diversity of plants for the city. These were built in a lacustrine setting by reclaiming land bordering a lake and building the plots and a network of channels. Results showed a different use of inputs in the four chinampa plots studied and different economic performances, although all were positive. Farmers with lower use of external inputs (seeds and fertilisers) were less productive in terms of yields but obtained better returns per each dollar invested. This shows the importance of the use of local resources and its positive impact on the economies of small-scale farmers in a periurban setting.

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Economic Impact of Using Low External Inputs.pdf	235.61 KB

Private Investment in Urban Agriculture in Nairobi

Caleb Mireri

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

Unlike in rural Kenya where agricultural promotion is an integral part of development initiatives, agriculture is excluded from formal urban land-use systems. However, urban agriculture constitutes a critical food security strategy for low income urban farming families. Also, urban agriculture is an important aspect of urban agribusiness where the sector generates important income and employment opportunities. Urban agriculture lacks access to efficient credit and investment support services. The agro-based industries are playing an important role in the promotion of urban agriculture, which can be enhanced by an organised farmers' society and favourable government policy environment. This paper covers two case studies of farmer-industry linkages in the capital city of Nairobi.

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Private Investment in Urban Agriculture in Nairobi.pdf	235.45 KB

Can Urban Rooftop Microfarms be Profitable?

Geoff Wilson

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

The question raised in the title has been answered on paper by the Southside Chamber of Commerce in the city of Brisbane, in sub-tropical Australia. The chamber calculated that a "rooftop microfarm" based on waste management could yield around 20% return on invested capital, and employ three to four people. The Southside Chamber of Commerce Urban Agriculture Group is now considering how to fund a pilot project in Mt Gravatt Central in Brisbane, in the state of Queensland to prove the feasibility study findings. The project is described here.

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Can Urban Rooftop Microfarms be Profitable.pdf	247.81 KB

Urban agriculture Impact: reduction of prices in Havana

Mario González Novo

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture emerged in Cuba, specifically Havana, from the economic crisis of 1989, as a response to food insecurity, and has become one of the largest sources of employment in Havana. The existance of agriculture in the city has influenced the prices of agricultural products in Havana.

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UA Impact - reduction of prices in Havana.pdf	151.38 KB

Different kind of Investments in Urban Agriculture: Kintyre Lake County and Musikavanhu Co-operative experiences

Shingirayi Mushamba

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

One principal factor for the slow development of the urban and peri-urban agricultural sector in Zimbabwe is the inadequate, or in some cases total absence of financing arrangements, especially from the formal sector. This article draws on the experiences of two schemes in Harare - Musikavanhu Project and the Kintyre Lake Country (KLC) Development. The former is a fairly well established co-operative scheme for the urban resource-poor that has been in existence since 1998 while the latter is a land development scheme implemented by the private sector since 1999. The two provide useful information on which to evaluate the prospects for financing urban and periurban agriculture for the different income groups.

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Different kind of Investments in Urban Agriculture.pdf	197.65 KB

Maximizing Private and Social Gains of Wastewater Agriculture in Haroonabad

Mehmood Ul Hassan

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

In many low income countries, municipalities often lack necessary physical, financial, institutional and regulatory means to safely dispose of wastewater. On the other hand, farmers in urban and periurban areas find wastewater to be a valuable resource to grow high value crops. Wastewater becomes especially precious for farmers in water scarce situations. Unless effective regulatory mechanisms are enforced, the users of wastewater tend to ignore social costs as long as the private gains from wastewater agriculture exceed private costs. This paper presents data from a case study from Pakistan's southern Punjab, and estimates private and social gains from wastewater agriculture and compares these to the freshwater agriculture. The paper argues that by adopting more farmer-inclusive approaches to wastewater disposal by the planners, both the private and social gains could be maximised.

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Wastewater Agriculture in Haroonabad.pdf	201.69 KB

Trust Funds as Financing Mechanism for Participatory Urban Agriculture

César Jaramillo Avila

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

Among the approximately two million residents of the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador, 45% live in conditions of poverty, and 12% in destitution. These conditions are linked to and aggravated by the economic crisis produced by the structural adjustment policies of the last three years. The "AGRUPAR" Programme, described here, aims to combat the disproportionate impact of the economic crisis on the poorest urban populations, focusing on the generation of income and employment and ecological protection of natural resources.

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Trust Funds as Financing Mechanism.pdf	201.16 KB

Costs and Benefits of Urban Agriculture in East London (a discussion paper)

James Petts

In: UA Magazine 7 - Economic Aspects of Urban Agriculture

Studies calculating the contribution of urban agriculture to income are unlikely to accurately estimate the quantities of food produced because informal agricultural activities are not generally included. This paper explores some of the current issues and economic aspects of urban and periurban agriculture in East London. Since a formal analysis of the economic costs and benefits is beyond the bounds of this paper, it is intended to lead to discussion of the need to support a re-development of a sustainable, food economy in East London, support for sustainable, social enterprises, and a rethink of our cities' relationship to food.

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Costs and Benefits of UA in East London.pdf	227.01 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No 7, August 2002

The UA Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme co-ordinated by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada. The UA Magazine is published 3 times a year, and is translated into French and Spanish, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean (UMP-LAC), Quito, Ecuador; Mr Alain Santandreu; e-mail alain@pgu-ecu.org: Magazine in Spanish: www: http://www.ipes.org/aguila/
• Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Dakar, Senegal, Ms Ndeye Fatou Gueye;e-mail iagurau@enda.sn : Magazine in French;
• Municipal Development Programme (MDP) - East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe;Mr Shingirayi Mushamba, e-mail: smushamba@mdpesa.org
• Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research (IGSNRR) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China; Mr Jianming Cai, e-mail: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn ; Magazine in Chinese;
• Centre for Environment and Development in the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE), Cairo, Egypt, Mr Ismail El Bagouri; e-mail: ibagouri@cedare.org.eg  Magazine in Arabic;
• IWMI-India, Hyderabad, India, Ms Stephanie Buechler, e-mail: s.buechler@cgiar.org
• The Urban Agriculture Network (TUAN), Washington, USA. Mr Jac Smit; e-mail: urbanag@compuserve.com
• ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), Leusden, the Netherlands; Mr Henk de Zeeuw: email: ruaf@etcnl.nl
• Ms Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Mr Luc Mougeot, International Development Research Council (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada;
• Mr Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (SIUPA), Peru.

Editors No. 7

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), together with César Caramillo Avila of the Municipality of Quito (as Guest editor), and with the RUAF partners.

Resonsible web edition

Lucy Browne, René van Veenhuizen

Administrations

Sonja Slingerland and Lucy Browne

Design and Layout

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editor

Amunda Salm, Wageningen

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4943086
Fax: +31.33.4940791

Editorial: Wastewater Use for Urban Agriculture

Stephanie Buechler, Wilfrid Hertog and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

Increasing volumes of domestic, hospital and industrial wastewater are being produced in rapidly growing cities around the world. Wastewater treatment is costly and even in those cities that are able to procure funding to build treatment plants, only a small percentage of the total wastewater volume is treated and the rest is left to flow into natural water bodies. Most of the water only receives primary treatment. Many treatment plants in cities in the South go into disuse after a short period of time due to insufficient funds for operation and maintenance.

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Editorial.pdf	275.4 KB

The Hyderabad Declaration

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

It is urged to: Safeguard and strengthen livelihoods and food security, mitigate health and environmental risks and conserve water resources by confronting the realities of wastewater use in agriculture, through the adoption of appropriate policies and the commitment of financial resources for policy implementation.

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The Hyderabad Declaration.pdf	139.17 KB

The Ouagadougou Workshop

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

This five-day event took place from 3-7 June 2002, and was organised by ETC-RUAF together with CREPA headquarters in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, financed by CTA Netherlands. It consisted of a combination of paper presentations, working group discussions and site visits.

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The Ouagadougou Workshop.pdf	148.99 KB

Electronic Conference on Agricultural Use of Untreated Urban Wastewater in Low Income Countries

Judith Kaspersma

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

From 24 June to 5 July 2002, IWMI and ETC-RUAF organised an electronic conference on strategies that may be applied to reduce the health risks associated with the use of untreated, partially treated or diluted wastewater in agriculture, whilst maintaining or enhancing the social and economic benefits for the poor urban citizens involved in irrigated production.

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Use of Urban Wastewater in Low Income Countries.pdf	209.89 KB

Balancing Health and Livelihoods

Pay Drechsel, Ursula J. Blumenthal and Bernard Keraita

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

To protect farmers' and consumers' health, the World Health Organization (WHO) published guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture (WHO, 1989); they are currently under revision. The purpose of the 1989 guidelines was to guide design engineers and planners in the choice of wastewater treatment technologies and water management options. The application of the guidelines, however, has been found to be difficult in many field situations. It was suggested that the WHO guidelines need adjustment for better application in wastewater exposed urban and peri-urban agriculture in resource-poor countries. A model/flow diagram of a new process for deciding on locally appropriate health protection measures is suggested here.

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Balancing Health and Livelihoods.pdf	204.09 KB

Sources and Quality of Water Used in Urban Vegetable Production in Tamale Municipality, Ghana

S. Abdul-Ghaniyu, G. Kranjac-Berisavljevic, I.B. Yakubu and B. Keraita

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

The municipality of Tamale is the most urbanised district in the entire northern part of Ghana. Approximately, one third of the population in Tamale is served with potable water, while the rest depends on dams and dugouts that retain runoff from the previous rainy season. This situation makes vegetable gardeners use almost any water that they can lay their hands on, regardless of its source and especially during the dry season.

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Sources and Quality - Tamale, Ghana.pdf	176.96 KB

Wastewater Use in Informal Irrigation in Urban and Periurban Areas of Kumasi, Ghana

B. Keraita, P. Drechsel, F. Huibers and L. Raschid-Sally

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

This paper presents findings from studies done in the urban and periurban areas of Kumasi, Ghana. Different methods and methodologies were used which included more than 500 interviews mostly with farmers, personal observations, water-quality monitoring and literature reviews. Water from domestic use is the main source of wastewater in Kumasi. Less than 8% of the population has access to sewerage systems connected to treatment plants. Moreover, the existing treatment plants are mostly non-operational. Consequently, most wastewater is discharged into drains and nearby streams, which are used for irrigation despite high levels of faecal coliforms of up to 1010/100 ml. Until now, related health risks for farmers and consumers are only addressed through rudimentary institutional and policy frameworks with relevant by-laws rarely being enforced and still inappropriate in the larger livelihoods context.

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Wastewater Use in Informal Irrigation.pdf	264.89 KB

Livelihoods and Wastewater Irrigated Agriculture along the Musi River in Hyderabad City, Andhra Pradesh, India

Stephanie Buechler and Gayathri Devi

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

The study presented here on urban agriculture is part of a broader research project on livelihood activities of smallholder and landless households who practice agriculture in urban, periurban and rural areas along the Musi river in Andhra Pradesh state, India. Wastewater is a major source of livelihood for households practicing agriculture along this river in the urban areas of Hyderabad city. The study reveals that in addition to the farmers, a chain of other economic beneficiaries both direct and indirect, of urban agriculture exist. Gender, age, caste and class determine what types of wastewater-dependent activities they are involved in. Due to certain State laws, urban agriculture is not a secure source of income for these families. There is an urgent need for the local government to recognize the importance of wastewater and support urban agriculture. This will not only secure the livelihoods of these households but also help maintain the micro environment of the city.

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Livelihoods and Wastewater Irrigated Agriculture.pdf	261.53 KB

Integrated Systems for the Treatment and Recycling of Wastewater in Latin America: Reality and Potential

Julio Moscoso Cavallini and Luis Egocheaga Young

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

In Latin America, a limited amount of separate collectors for domestic wastewater, rainwater and industrial sewage exists. Mixed collection systems result in an increased amount of sewage to be treated and adequately disposed. Supported by IDRC and WHO, CEPIS is carrying out a research programme on integrated systems for the treatment and recycling of wastewater in Latin America. The aim is to provide cost-efficient solutions for managing domestic wastewater in agricultural activities within cities. Findings are presented here.

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Reality and Potential.pdf	192.22 KB

Wastewater Treatment and Reuse for Food and Water Security

Naser I. Faruqui

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

In the Middle Eastern and North African countries under MENA, water is the key development issue. This situation is compounded by the high urbanisation rate in MENA. It is expected that water will increasingly be taken out of agriculture and put into urban areas. This means that the region will increasingly suffer from twin and related problems of food and water insecurity. ). How can these seemingly contradictory objectives be reconciled? The answer is water-demand management; more efficient water use within all sectors.

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Wastewater Treatment and Reuse for Food and Water Security.pdf	264.49 KB

Perceptions of Ouagadougou Market Gardeners on Water, Hygiene and Disease

Boureima Ouedraogo

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

Urban farming - particularly in the form of market gardening (1) - has become part of the environment in African cities. This study focuses on the issue of health. By reusing wastewater and/or polluted water, urban market gardening constitutes a potential health risk for both producers and consumers. The issue here is to know whether market gardeners perceive the use of wastewater as risky, particularly with respect to health.

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Perceptions of Ouagadougou Market Gardeners.pdf	194.94 KB

Economic and Institutional Issues of Wastewater Use in Faisalabad, Pakistan

Nazim Ali

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

This study was conducted in Faisalabad, the third most populated city of Pakistan. This paper gives the results of a survey conducted within the municipal boundaries of Faisalabad City. The unavailability and unreliability of canal water, and the bad quality of groundwater are the main reasons for using wastewater in the city, like for agricultural use. There is a need to define a proper policy framework for the use of wastewater for urban agriculture in a productive and non-hazardous way, for which suggestions are made here.

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Economic and Institutional Issues.pdf	268.85 KB

Integrated Resource Recovery Project in Kolkata, India

Sumita Gupta

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) has one of the largest recycling zones in India with age-old practices of fish culture and vegetable production. A large number of sewage-wastewater-fed fisheries have been developed on the wetlands in lagoon types of ponds in which fish are cultivated, and where sunlight, water hyacinths and phytoplankton are used to clean the water. Treatment methods are discussed here.

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Integrated Resource Recovery Project.pdf	223 KB

Crop Selection and Wastewater Irrigation: Hubli-Dharwad, India

Andrew Bradford, Robert Brook and C.S. Hunshal

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

The twin city of Hubli-Dharwad generates approximately 60 million litres of wastewater per day, discharged untreated from the open city drains. This article addresses the Urban Agroforestry cropping system, as out of the three systems, agroforestry has the potential of reducing the high risks that are associated with wastewater irrigation.

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Crop Selection and Wastewater Irrigation.pdf	194.02 KB

The Impact of a Treatment Plant on Wastewater Irrigation in Mexico

Paula Silva-Ochoa and Christopher A. Scott

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

In 1999, field research was carried out by IWMI to explore the advantages and risks of urban wastewater reuse for crop production in the water-short Guanajuato river basin in west-central Mexico. The benefits from wastewater irrigation include the additional water value, a nutrient value and a reduced cost of water treatment. In 2002, a Water Treatment Plant was started by SIMAPAG, the local water supply and sanitation utility. Research started on the question: Does the water-treatment plant have any influence on the previously mentioned benefits from wastewater reuse for crop production? It was found that the water treatment project was predominantly oriented to comply with a particular environmental regulation while little attention was paid to the use of the wastewater for irrigation. The situation will lead to water competition between industry and the farmers.

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The Impact of a Treatment Plant.pdf	203.21 KB

Reuse of Untreated Wastewater in Market Gardens in Dakar, Senegal

Seydou Niang, A. Diop, Naser Faruqui, Mark Redwood and Malick Gaye

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

Within Dakar, the most important section of the Niayes in terms of food production is the Niayes de Pikine. In this large area inside the city limits, horticulture is prevalent. This article discusses the farmers and institutions involved after which it gives recommendations and policy suggestions. At least in the short term, a much greater obstacle to urban agriculture in Dakar, regardless of the type of irrigation practised, is the insecurity of land tenure.

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Reuse of Untreated Wastewater in Market Gardens.pdf	190.66 KB

Prevention Today, Solutions Tomorrow: The case of Lima, Peru

Juan Carlos Calizaya

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

This article urges for a sanitation alternative that contributes to improving the urban environment, to ration the use of potable water, and to promote recycling of used water for productive activities such as urban agriculture.

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Prevention Today, Solutions Tomorrow.pdf	228.4 KB

Ecological Sanitation and Urban Agriculture

Francisco Arroyo Galván Duque

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

Local treatment and recycling of sewage (soapy "grey" water) and the reduction or even non-generation of wastewater are viable options that should be considered and supported within a municipal policy of sanitation and sewerage systems, that also takes urban agriculture into consideration. In Mexico, several experiences have been recorded which are referred to here.

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Ecological Sanitation and UA.pdf	157.72 KB

Wastewater Non-Management in Aba City, Nigeria

Stella Ngozi Odurukwe

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

Poor wastewater management in Aba city, located in eastern Nigeria, causes severe pollution of the Aba River, which serves as the main source of irrigation for dry-season crop production in the urban and periurban areas of the city. The reasons for the persistence of this phenomenon have been highlighted and they include, among others: undeveloped legislation, the lack of proper planning of industries, and the absence of registration of industries with the Environmental Health Sanitation Authority of the council. This paper recommends some measures that could be taken by the council authority and NGOs to redress the situation.

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Wastewater Non-Management.pdf	152.97 KB

Policy Brief: Treatment And Use Of Wastewater For Urban Agriculture

Marielle Dubbeling

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

Developing programmes for the treatment and use of wastewater for urban agriculture basically involves managing health risks and facilitating the adoption of adequate technologies at city or neighbourhood level while optimising their benefits. Adopting facilitating policies and defining the financial sustainability of wastewater treatment and use systems is necessary. A shortened version of the policy brief on the use of wastewater for urban agriculture in the Latin American Region is given here.

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Policy Brief.pdf	169.49 KB

Livestock and Urban Waste in East Africa

Sabine Guendel

In: UA Magazine 8 - Wastewater Reuse in Urban Agriculture

With the objectives to understand the current situation of poor urban livestock keepers in East Africa, and to identify areas where future research could make a contribution to the development and promotion of this activity for the poor, five city case studies were selected in Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. The cities were Dar es Saalam, Kampala, Kisumu, Nairobi, and Addis Ababa. Results are discussed here.

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Livestock and Urban Waste in East Africa.pdf	190 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No 8, December 2002

The UA Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme co-ordinated by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada. The UA Magazine is published 3 times a year, and is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean (UMP-LAC), Quito, Ecuador; Mr Alain Santandreu; e-mail alain@pgu-ecu.org: Magazine in Spanish: www: http://www.ipes.org/aguila/
• Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Dakar, Senegal, Ms Ndeye Fatou Gueye;e-mail iagurau@enda.sn : Magazine in French;
• Municipal Development Programme (MDP) - East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe;Mr Shingirayi Mushamba, e-mail: smushamba@mdpesa.org
• Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research (IGSNRR) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China; Mr Jianming Cai, e-mail: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn ; Magazine in Chinese;
• Centre for Environment and Development in the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE), Cairo, Egypt, Mr Ismail El Bagouri; e-mail: ibagouri@cedare.org.eg  Magazine in Arabic;
• IWMI-India, Hyderabad, India, Ms Stephanie Buechler, e-mail: s.buechler@cgiar.org
• The Urban Agriculture Network (TUAN), Washington, USA. Mr Jac Smit; e-mail: urbanag@compuserve.com
• ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), Leusden, the Netherlands; Mr Henk de Zeeuw: email: ruaf@etcnl.nl
• Ms Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Mr Luc Mougeot, International Development Research Council (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada;
• Mr Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (SIUPA), Peru.

Editors No. 8

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), Stephanie Buechler and Wilfrid Hertog, and the RUAF partners.

Resonsible web edition

Lucy Browne, René van Veenhuizen

Administrations

Michael Baumeister

Design and Layout

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editor

Amunda Salm, Wageningen

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791

Editorial: Financing Urban Agriculture

Marielle Dubbeling and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

Even low financial support can make a significant difference to poor urban families. Many of the increasing group of urban dwellers living around the poverty line are (informal) micro-entrepreneurs, involved in a diversity of activities such as shopkeeping, waste collection and recycling, trading, transport and farming. These entrepreneurs require access to working capital for the maintenance of their investment and for its potential expansion.

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Editorial.pdf	326.72 KB

Boxes on Matto Grosso do Sul, Tontines and Khartoum

Compiled by Marielle Dubbeling and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

No articles were received on these three subjects, but found worthwhile to highlight in this issue. These articles are also included in the pdf file of the Editorial.

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Matto Grosso do Sul, Tontines and Khartoum.pdf	220.12 KB

The Marketing Manager in Ghana

George Danso and Pay Drechsel

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

While many agricultural activities in Ghana are financed either by the government or by external aid, the urban farmers producing for the market usually have to rely on own funds to start their businesses, or rely on credit from market women for the purchase of inputs. Some urban farmers do not rely on any support and bypass this dependency. An example of this is a group of seven farmers in Accra described here.

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The Marketing Manager in Ghana.pdf	159.71 KB

Micro-credits for small producers in Argentina

María Angélica Sbarbatti, Teresa Sunde and Myrian Dreyer

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture in implies small-scale activities to supplement household income. There is no entrepreneurial concept, as in large industries. Resources are available through temporary work plans, such as the Pro-Huerta (Pro-Garden) Programme of INTA (National Institute of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology) and the PSA (Social Agricultural Programme). Although the economic crisis has been weakening the integration processes in the country, conditions exist that allow the generation of a positive change through urban farming activities, as small producers are the true motors behind development. The PSA, created in 1993, focuses on conditions for change. The rural micro-credit programme has been adapted to producers in periurban and urban areas, promoting transformation of production systems via the provision of training, financial and technical assistance.

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Micro-credits for small producers in Argentina.pdf	217.59 KB

Social policy or an unheard claim: the case of Texcoco, Mexico

Gabriel Ramírez García

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

In Mexico, large portions of farmland have been incorporated into the hierarchy and dynamics of big cities. One of the territories that share the megalopolitan dynamics of Mexico City is Texcoco, located in the state of Mexico, 20 kilometres from the capital city of Mexico. In Texcoco, 42 out of 54 communities are considered rural, and the mission of the present government is to preserve their production space from the urban influence. In 1997, the Rural Development Unit started the Productive Micro-credit Programme as a pilot. The goal of the programme was to strengthen farming activities in the region especially for small- and medium-sized producers, through the provision of economic aid. This programme is evaluated here.

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Social policy or an unheard claim.pdf	242.7 KB

Credit and investment in Urban Agriculture in Nepal

Roshan Shrestha

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

In Nepal there are 58 municipalities and about 80% of the Nepalese population depends on agriculture, which is mainly based in the rural areas. Due to the high urbanisation rate, most of the arable land of Kathmandu inner city is occupied by housing and agricultural production has thus been reduced. More arable land is in the city's outer ring area, where people are involved in agriculture (rice and wheat) and horticulture and processing on a larger scale, the products of which are sold at the local market. The impact of two cooperatives are described here: MPSACCO, a women-only cooperative which has adopted two types of lending methodologies: Individual lending and Peer lending, and SSACCO, which is a mixed membership cooperative, adopted Individual lending only.

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Credit and investment in UA in Nepal.pdf	243.44 KB

Focusing credit on Urban Agriculture in Gaborone, Botswana

A.C.Mosha

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

The city of Gaborone has grown from a very small village to become the capital city of Botswana in a period of less than 36 years. Subsistence and commercial agriculture are both found throughout Gaborone. One of the safety nets adopted by the poor has been urban agriculture either as a means of survival or to supplement low incomes, while some entrepreneurs have opted for urban agriculture as a means of making money. Of the various credit programmes in Botswana, three have achieved some marked success in urban and periurban agriculture and are examined in this paper.

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Focusing credit on UA in Gaborone, Botswana.pdf	214.8 KB

HOPCOMS: a Success Story of Horticultural Co-operative Marketing

Smita Premchander

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

The state government of Bangalore has been unable to meet the needs of the people and the growing city. Civil society organisations are beginning to take on the added responsibility of informing the public and advocating for change. One of the ways in which the many problems can be addressed is to encourage investments in people-owned institutions. There remains a particular need for credit and investment in urban agriculture. HOPCOMS offers an example of an organisation that provides benefits of collective marketing to both producers as well as consumers related to the daily need of fruit and vegetables by people of all classes.

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Horticultural Co-operative Marketing.pdf	220.76 KB

Financing Urban Agriculture in London with special reference to City Farms

Beacon Mbiba

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

City farms as a form of urban agriculture is a recent but increasingly important urban phenomenon in the United Kingdom. Both the start-up and operational costs are very high and the future security of the projects would need more direct inputs from the government to fund farm ownership and long-term posts for farm managers. The future of urban agriculture lies in the ability to adapt and mainstream it into prevailing development themes such as education, community cohesion, social inclusion and biodiversity. Integration with business themes also attracts private sector support both in cash and in-kind. The role of volunteers and sharing of resources among project groups is a key feature of community projects that other cities could promote as well.

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Financing UA in London.pdf	260.22 KB

Securing Funds through Municipal Participatory Budgets: the experience of Porto Alegre, Brazil

Saya Saulière

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

Porto Alegre is internationally known for its innovative management strategies. One of the pillars of local democratisation was the implementation of a Participatory Budget. In 1989, the people's government of Porto Alegre first implemented the Participatory Budgeting Programme. Since that time, the population can itself decide on the allotment of public funds. Organised urban producers were thus able to apply for funding to develop their activities, ranging from production to processing.

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Municipal Participatory Budgets.pdf	230.21 KB

Financing Market-Oriented Dairy Development: the case of Ada'a-Liben Woreda Dairy Association, Ethiopia

Azage Tegegne

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

The Ada'a-Liben Woreda Dairy and Dairy Products Marketing Association was established in 1998 in Debre Zeit town, 45 km southeast of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The association was established with 34 founding members. The main objectives of the association are to minimise the high transaction cost for the sale of milk and reduce seasonal price fluctuations. The milk collection and marketing activity started in January 2000, and over the last few years, the association has made significant progress. Currently there are 428 full members composed of 245 male and 183 female farmers. In addition, 181 non-member dairy farmers supply milk to the association. The members of the association have a total of 1,716 dairy cows and a capital of over 500,000 Birr. The number of milk collection sites has increased to seven around Debre Zeit town. The association has created job opportunities for 25 regular staff. Recently, the association purchased two coolers with 25,000 litres capacity. The current milk collection has increased to 5,500 litres per day or about 175,000 litres per month. The major source of finance has been contributions from members, sales of milk and support from a number of government offices, NGOs and international organisations.

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Financing Market-Oriented Dairy Development.pdf	234.71 KB

Micro-credit and investment for urban gardening in St Petersburg, Russia

Oleg Moldakov

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

Annually, up to 2.5 million city inhabitants are involved in agricultural activities in St. Petersburg. The main reasons to practise gardening and farming in the city are self-sufficiency. City gardeners never obtain credit or loans. They borrow small sums of money from friends or relatives. The small-scale periurban farmers have a stronger interest in obtaining credit in order to finance agricultural activities. Several sources for micro-credit are given in this article. It is concluded that urban gardening is an important factor of political stability in society, and that thus there is a need for government subsidies.

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Micro-credit and investment for urban gardening.pdf	226.42 KB

Economic Strategies of Different Cropping Systems in West Africa

Angelika Kessler

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

In West Africa's capital cities urban farms are not homogeneous. They differ in crops, cropping period, location, inputs, capital investments, profits and liquid assets. Different farming systems have specific economic strategies to which credits have to be adapted. In West African urban farms, we can distinguish four to five different crop production systems, which differ by type of farm, products, location (in city or periurban area), economic strategy, and profitability. In this article, the following systems are distinguished: mixed vegetable farms, irrigated with watering cans; mixed vegetable farms using pumps; women's traditional vegetable farms; ornamental plant cultivation; and staple-food farms.Interviews were conducted in Lomé, Cotonou, Bamako, Dakar, Ouagadougou and Conakry in 1999 and 2002, as part of a European Union financed INCO project for development called "The use of organic composted waste from urban households for phytosanitary purposes in periurban agriculture of West Africa". Furthermore, IWMI-FAO West Africa, financed City Resource Papers on Urban Agriculture. Based on these interviews, annual (Lome and Cotonou) or seasonal (Bamako and Ouagadougou) benefit of the farms were calculated, taking into account input costs, salaries, maintenance and depreciation.

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Economic Strategies of Different Cropping Systems.pdf	228.86 KB

Micro-credit for Urban Agricultural activities in Bulgaria

Antoaneta Yoveva

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

Traditionally, agriculture plays a significant role in the Bulgarian economy. Small urban farmers form a substantial and increasing part of the agricultural sector. Most urban agriculture in Bulgaria is for subsistence. Some agricultural lending programmes have been introduced, but the funding levels are insufficient to compensate for modest bank credit. The banks persist in their conservative approach to lending in general, and to agriculture in particular. Apart from relatives and commercial bank credit, rural and urban agriculture in Bulgaria currently relies on several international lending programmes, discussed in this article.

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Micro-credit for UA activities in Bulgaria.pdf	209.45 KB

Investment in Urban Agriculture to Reduce Urban Poverty in The Philippines

Mayor Estelita M. Aquino and Joseph H. Batac

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

The last 20 years have seen the population of Marilao increase at an average rate of 9.4% per year (4.5 times the national average). The five year local plan document of 1996 emphasised productivity improvement combined with access to financing. To counteract the rapid conversion of good land to human settlements, industry, services, commerce and trade, and the resulting degraded soil, and deterioration in surface water quality and smog, the municipality started to invest into the collection of biodegradable waste, and in the processing and use of the compost for agricultural production. Subsequently compost-based, home-grown potted vegetable production was facilitated and supported.

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Reduce Urban Poverty in The Philippines.pdf	206.81 KB

Using City Compost for Urban Farming in India

Almitra Patel

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

Composting of city wastes is a legal requirement for all urban local bodies in India. However, central and state governments have yet to perceive it as a social good that requires official support. This paper describes India's current agricultural scenario, the proven benefits of Integrated Plant Nutrient Management (IPNM) and the use of city compost in drought-proofing crops and restoring degraded soils. It further elaborates some of the problems faced by compost producers, the attitudes of farmers and chemical fertiliser producers. The strategic and economic benefits of co-marketing synthetic fertiliser are argued, with compost produced in composting facilities owned by the fertiliser producers. Finally, several state and central government initiatives are suggested.

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Using City Compost for Urban Farming in India.pdf	193.41 KB

Formal and Informal Financial Services

Ogunbayo Olatunde Samson

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

The growth and development of urban agriculture as a response to urban poverty and increasing food prices is evident in Nigeria. Urbanisation and increasing urban agricultural production constitute an indispensable economic basis for local urban services. Agricultural financing in Nigeria, both formal an informal, is briefly discussed here.

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Formal and Informal Financial Services.pdf	190.44 KB

Periurban Agriculture Development in China: a New Approach in Xiaotangshan, Beijing

Cai Jianming

In: UA Magazine 9 - Financing Urban Agriculture

Agriculture has always occupied a very important position in China's economy. Suburban agriculture (a term often used by Chinese scholars to indicate periurban agriculture), is is fully oriented to urban demand: the production of vegetables, fruit, milk, fish, livestock and poultry, as well as some high value-added grain products such as various beans. It is labour-, and relatively capital-intensive with a high level of productivity and has absorbed many rural labourers. In the late 1990s a new development in China took place. Instead of paying attention to the quantity of food supply, people started to prioritise according to the quality of food supply. In Beijing, as well as in Shanghai, agriculture-oriented science and technology development and demonstration parks were established. Xiaotangshan modern agricultural demonstration park in Beijing is one of these.

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Periurban Agriculture Development in China.pdf	272.89 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No 9, April 2003

The UA Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme co-ordinated by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada. The UA Magazine is published 3 times a year, and is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean (UMP-LAC), Quito, Ecuador; Mr Alain Santandreu; e-mail alain@pgu-ecu.org: Magazine in Spanish: www: http://www.ipes.org/aguila/
• Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Dakar, Senegal, Ms Ndeye Fatou Gueye;e-mail iagurau@enda.sn : Magazine in French;
• Municipal Development Programme (MDP) - East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe;Mr Shingirayi Mushamba, e-mail: smushamba@mdpesa.org
• Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research (IGSNRR) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China; Mr Jianming Cai, e-mail: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn ; Magazine in Chinese;
• Centre for Environment and Development in the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE), Cairo, Egypt, Mr Ismail El Bagouri; e-mail: ibagouri@cedare.org.eg  Magazine in Arabic;
• IWMI-India, Hyderabad, India, Ms Stephanie Buechler, e-mail: s.buechler@cgiar.org
• The Urban Agriculture Network (TUAN), Washington, USA. Mr Jac Smit; e-mail: urbanag@compuserve.com
• ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), Leusden, the Netherlands; Mr Henk de Zeeuw: email: ruaf@etcnl.nl
• Ms Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Mr Luc Mougeot, International Development Research Council (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada;
• Mr Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (SIUPA), Peru.

Editors No. 9

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), together with Marielle Dubbeling of UMP-LAC, and the other RUAF partners.

Resonsible web edition

Lucy Browne, René van Veenhuizen

Administrations

Michael Baumeister

Design and Layout

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editor

Amunda Salm, Wageningen

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791
e-mail: ruaf@etcnl.nl
website: www.ruaf.org

Editorial: Micro-Technologies for Urban Agriculture

René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Agriculture in the city has many faces. It is a dynamic phenomenon and comprises different farming systems, each with specific needs. This issue of the UA-Magazine features micro-technologies for urban agriculture. It presents a wide variety of techniques and discusses why and how these technologies were developed, the critical factors for their success and what policy improvements are needed for their further development.

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The 'Drum and Drip' micro-irrigation system, tested in South Africa

T. Khosa, W. Van Averbeke, R. Böhringer, J. Maswikaneng and E. Albertse

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

On-farm evaluation of a small-scale micro-irrigation system for use in home gardens revealed both its strengths and weaknesses. The technology enabled production of nearly 80 kg of fresh vegetables on an area of 36 square metres over a period of four months, but did not operate well with saline water.

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The 'Drum and Drip' micro-irrigation system.pdf	275.42 KB

Urban Irrigation Methods and Practices in Ghana and Togo

Bernard Keraita, George Danso and Pay Drechsel

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Irrigation methods and practices in urban and periurban vegetable farming of Accra and Kumasi, Ghana, and Lome, Togo, are quite different. The situation in Lome appears technically much more advanced than in Accra, although both cities are only separated by a three-hour drive. These differences are caused by a variety of biophysical and socio-economic factors.

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Urban Irrigation Methods and Practices.pdf	215.4 KB

Hydroponics in Latin America

César H. Marulanda Tabares

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Since the mid 80s, the UNDP -soon followed by FAO- began fostering the development and use of Household Hydroponics. This mainly urban agricultural technique is a fast and efficient alternative to address the lack of food and the lack of income of many impoverished households. In household hydroponics, the key is not to increase the yield per hectare, but to produce small amounts of food in many houses, in spaces unsuitable for conventional agriculture.

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Hydroponics in Latin America.pdf	165.2 KB

Hydroponics Technology in Urban Lima - Peru

Jovita Abensur Ríos and Horacio Chicata Blancas

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Hydroponics is a technology characterized by the absence of soil, allowing the growing of crops of better quality in small urban spaces, requiring less time, less labour, and less inputs. In Lima, Peru, the NGO Imagen Educativa began working in 1993 to promote urban agriculture as a strategy to improve nutrition, family income and environment quality. It implies the growth of legumes, ornamental, aromatic and medicinal plants in the peripheral areas of Lima, where it is difficult to farms due to poor soil conditions and lack of water for irrigation.

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Hydroponics Technology in Urban Lima.pdf	206.53 KB

Organoponics, a Productive Option

Mario González Novo

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Productive urban techniques are valid as long as they are adequately adapted to the physical urban setting, and as long as the expected productive results are obtained. Several initiatives have developed productive solutions for places where the land is not fertile, or where space restrictions make it necessary to exploit the available resources to the maximum. One of the most innovative technical and productive solutions developed in Havana is called 'Organoponics'.

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Organoponics, a Productive Option.pdf	156.85 KB

Improving techniques for market garden production in South East Asia

Hubert de Bon

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

In order to increase the production in the hot and humid season and reduce the use of pesticides on market garden crops, three techniques have been proposed to boost the periurban market garden production in South-eastern Asia: sheltered crops, tomato grafting and the use of insect-proof nets. The rise in the yield varies from one site to another. Tomato grafting appears to be the most efficient and attractive technique in the first year of experimentation, with some positive effects observed in Vientiane. The rise in production, which requires new equipment (nylon nets and shelters with polythene film), conflicts with the farmers' concerns about the investment cost and the availability of the adequate gear on the spot.

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Improving techniques for market garden production.pdf	190.93 KB

Basic Cultural Management Practices for Urban Vegetable Production

Yvette B. Guanzon and Robert J. Holmer

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

The importance of urban vegetable production to improve food security in cities of developing countries is recognized by an increasing number of stakeholders. However, knowledge on appropriate production technologies for urban environments is often lacking. This paper gives a comprehensive overview on basic cultural management practices for vegetable production in urban Philippines. The areas covered are: cultivars selection, methods of planting, soil, water and weed management, and pest and disease control.

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Basic Cultural Management Practices.pdf	196.36 KB

Rooftop Gardening in Senegal

Gabriel Deesohu Saydee and Sebastine Ujereh

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Rapid urbanisation in Senegal, is giving rise to rapid housing developments and diminishing land available for urban agriculture in the city. It is also creating an increasing demand for vegetables. Although land in the city is scare, many houses have flat concrete roofs, which provide space for growing vegetables. Crops can be grown throughout the year under the semi-desert climatic conditions. The Rooftop Gardening Programme of the United Methodist Church promotes rooftop vegetable production in Senegal. Women's' groups have already established rooftop gardening projects in Dakar and Thies, through which more than a 100 persons have already been trained and many more are applying for training. A box is included on experiences with Rooftop Gardening in St.Petersburg, Russia, by Martin Price

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Rooftop Gardening in Senegal.pdf	191.47 KB

City Farming - the Natural Alternative, Experiences in India

R.T. Doshi, with Sunil Doshi and Vandana Shah

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

After working on his farm at Kamshet, near Pune, the author discovered the immeasurable problems faced by farmers. He discovered that if farmers include the cost of their labour in the calculation of farm profit and loss, all farms would be unprofitable. This led him to think very seriously about reducing the costs of farming and labour. Dr. Doshi has experimented with a number of farming practices that enables city dwellers to grow their own food on every available square inch of urban space, including terraces and balconies. None of the innovations recommended involve high costs, nor does the farming require long hours of work. The farm can provide the family with ample nutrition from plant sources, eliminating the need to purchase one's vegetables and fruits from the market, where inflation makes a mockery of housewives' budgets.

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City Farming - experiences in India.pdf	249.18 KB

Mushroom Cultivation in Urban Kampala, Uganda

Juliet Kiguli

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture in Uganda is mainly viewed as a household survival strategy, in the context of rising poverty. Mushroom cultivation is a recent trend in Kampala, Uganda. This paper explores the rationale for growing mushrooms, focuses on gender participation, as more women are involved in mushroom cultivation than men, and the necessary conditions for success.

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Mushroom Cultivation in Kampala.pdf	194.03 KB

Micro-technologies for Congested Urban Centers in Ethiopia

Yilma Getachew

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Indicators on increasing urbanisation and congestion in Addis Ababa include: 40% unemployment; a daily output of 2000 tons of organic waste and 100,000 tons of animal manure, daily per capita of one dollar or less, daily per capita micro nutrient food consumption of 10 grams or less and 25 m2 garden space per family. Urban agriculture can play an important role in the increasingly congested cities. This article describes the experiences of Yilma bio-consult, specializing on promotion of urban agriculture in Addis Ababa and other urban centres in Ethiopia. Yilma bio-consult, has identified 30 technologies for fertilizer production, pest and disease control and water management. They are all based on natural processes and are therefore cheap, simple and are dependant on locally available resources.

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Micro-technologies for Congested Urban Centers in Ethiopia.pdf	210.7 KB

Innovative Urban Agricultural Technologies in Botswana

A.C.Mosha

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Agriculture is Botswana's urban and periurban areas are not widespread. Some poor families have taken up farming to supplement their incomes, while a few entrepreneurs have chosen urban and periurban farming as business ventures. In the capital city, Gaborone, most commercial and subsistence farmers are situated in freehold, municipal or tribal land in north and south of the city. The farms operate as private ventures or as a project of an academic or scientific institution. Innovative agricultural technologies are being used in several urban areas in Botswana, which address the issues of poverty and food security at the grassroots level. Farmers cannot depend on conventional means of agriculture Some of the technologies adopted are described.

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Innovative UA Technologies in Botswana.pdf	201.63 KB

Permaculture in Senegal & Mobile Kitchen Garden in Kenya

Khaly Mbengue and Abdourahmane Tamba & Okoth Samuel Ondeng

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

In June 2002 a permaculture garden, the first in Senegal, was started. The garden aims to promote permaculture to farmers as well as private and public decision makers, by demonstrating its viability and effectiveness.

In the highly populated residential areas, like in Kenya, where arable land to cultivate is too scarce to facilitate meaningful farming, vegetables can be grown in space-confined gardens, like bags.

Click here to open file

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Permaculture & Mobile Kitchen Garden.pdf	159.99 KB

The Abundant Harvest Garden

Tomi Jill Folk and Hank Bruce

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

The goal of "Hunger Grow Away" has been to cultivate food security "One Family at a Time." To achieve this the Abundant Harvest Garden (AHG) was developed, which is a micro-intensive food production system that can grow the produce needs for a family of four in a 1.44m2. It does this with 20% of the water a conventional garden uses. The AHG may put a family garden within reach of the poor and fresh produce can be a part of the daily diet. The AHG can be used in the most confined and difficult places, including pavement or rooftops. Hunger Grow Away is a non-profit organization that provides these gardening systems and information and assists in fund raising to purchase AHGs.

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The Abundant Harvest Garden.pdf	220.98 KB

Aqua-Terra Gardens

Frank McNeely

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Aqua-Terra Gardens is a corporation located in the heart of the United States where Frank McNeely, owner and operator, has converted an unused old graining mill near the downtown area and into to an urban agriplex. The goal was to establish a facility that would address sustainable agriculture, use renewable energy and educate the public to these concepts.

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Aqua-Terra Gardens.pdf	221.82 KB

Worms turn garbage into gold in Lismore

Lesley Trott

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Worms are the buzzword of the 21st Century and definitely in Lismore, Australia. Here, innovation in ecologically sustainable development (ESD) has resulted is the biggest 'state-of-the-art', fully automated worm farm in the world, employing 10 million worms to turn 6,000 tonnes a year of organic waste, into brown gold. Synergistic effort between the Lismore City Council Waste Minimisation Department and Tryton Waste Services has resulted in managing contamination.

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Worms turn garbage into gold.pdf	167.42 KB

Organoponics - the Use of Human Urine in Composting

Francisco Arroyo

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Experiments and tests using fermented human urine in the production of legumes, medicinal and aromatic plants in containers, began 10 years ago in the Rural Research and Training Centre (CEDICAR) in Mexico. This cultivation system has been called "organoponics" or "urineponics". It is a cost-effective system, saving money, water, and being capable of producing quite some legumes per year per m2. It has has been culturally accepted by most of the families and institutions.

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Organoponics.pdf	162.76 KB

Container Composting in Peri-Urban Kumasi, Ghana

Andrew Bradford, Duncan McGregor and David Simon

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Using compost containers allows the safe and hygienic composting of domestic organic waste to take place in urban and peri-urban backyards. In addition to producing natural fertilizer for urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA), backyard composting reduces the amount of domestic organic waste destined for open refuse dumps or municipal landfill sites, thus contributing to a cleaner environment and, where waste collection services are provided, a reduction in collection and transport costs (GFA-Umwelt, 1999). Compost containers can be made from recycled materials such as tyres, blocks, bricks, wood, plastic barrels or 250litre drums; thereby making the technology accessible for low income groups. When the technology is implemented appropriately, it can not only improve environmental sanitation but also enhance local livelihoods.

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Container Composting.pdf	192.07 KB

Faecal Sludge Application for Agriculture in Tamale, Ghana

Isaac Asare, Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic and Olufunke. Cofie

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

The use of human waste as a source of fertiliser in developing countries as a whole and particularly in Ghana, has not received much recognition (Laryea, 1998). Due to poor soil fertility, and lack of financial means to buy chemical fertiliser, farmers in the drier parts of Ghana frequently resort to the use of human waste i.e. faecal sludge (FS) for agriculture. In the nineties, Owusu-Bennoah and Visker (1994) reported that 90% of collected night soil in Tamale municipality was used as fertilizer. This paper describes the ingenuity of small-scale farmers in the use of faecal sludge for crop production in Tamale Municipality.

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Faecal Sludge Application.pdf	189.18 KB

Conversion of Urban Waste to Energy by Anaerobic Digestion

Dr. K. Vijayaraghavan, Prof. Abdul Rashid Mohamed Shariff and Prof. Mohd. Amin Mohd. Soom

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Anaerobic digestion is a natural process harnessed by humankind in order to treat waste derived form sewage sludge, industrial sludge and wastewater. The anaerobic digestion of feedstock's and organic wastes are still in the development stage and are yet to become commercially available. This article describes the types of anaerobic digesters, and how to tackle environmental degradation by the waste generated.

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Conversion of Urban Waste to Energy.pdf	188.76 KB

Waste-Fed Fisheries in Periurban Kolkata

Madhumita Mukherjee

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

In India, night soil and wastewater reuse in agriculture is a traditional practice followed in irrigation for centuries. West Bengal is the pioneering state. The use of municipal wastewater to fertilize ponds is now perhaps the largest wastewater fed aquaculture system in the world in Kolkata, and the periurban area, especially where wastewater fish farming is practiced, supports the livelihood of a large number of people through waste recycling and natural resource use.

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Waste-Fed Fisheries.pdf	202.86 KB

Improving Agro-enterprises in Duong Lieu Commune, Vietnam

Dai Peters

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

Dong Lieu commune in Hay Tay province lies some 20km from Hanoi. The area is traditionally agricultural but has, since the late 1960's, specialized in household-level root crop - cassava and canna - processing, due to its proximity to Hanoi and access to its growing markets. Since that time this processing capacity has increased 3-10 times. Cassava and canna are different crops, in the type of roots, properties of the starch, and different profitability of the starch. As the starch processing developed, a starch-based cluster of enterprises emerged in support or in association with starch processing.

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Improving Agro-enterprises.pdf	173.48 KB

Treatment of Organic Household Waste Used as Pig Feed in Montevideo

Daniel Rodríguez, Delvey Anchieri, Alejandra Lozano, Gustavo Castro, Edgardo Vitale and Winston Lozano

In: UA Magazine 10 - Appropriate (Micro) Technologies for Urban Agriculture

The population of Uruguay is highly concentrated, with a proliferation of irregular settlements in cities. An increase in unemployment has forced many people to resort to extreme strategies for their survival and the survival of their families. Informal collection and sale of household waste is one of the more widespread, and is linked to the breeding of pigs within the household. Municipal authorities are reluctant to accept this activity because of the environmental and health risks it implies. However, in order to formulate urban agriculture policies that preserve the health of the population it is important to critically examine this phenomenon, including both its risks and benefits, trying to minimize the former and maximize the latter. Based on this reality, the Veterinary School of Montevideo (Uruguay) developed a series of experiments with the goal of assessing and commercialising technologies for the processing and collection of organic waste used to feed pigs.

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Treatment of Organic Household Waste.pdf	139.15 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No. 10, August 2003
ISSN 1571-6244

The UA Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme co-ordinated by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada. The UA Magazine is published 3 times a year, and is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean (UMP-LAC), Quito, Ecuador; Mr Alain Santandreu; e-mail alain@pgu-ecu.org: Magazine in Spanish: www: http://www.ipes.org/aguila/
• Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Dakar, Senegal, Ms Ndeye Fatou Gueye;e-mail iagurau@enda.sn : Magazine in French;
• Municipal Development Programme (MDP) - East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe;Mr Shingirayi Mushamba, e-mail: smushamba@mdpesa.org
• Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research (IGSNRR) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China; Mr Jianming Cai, e-mail: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn ; Magazine in Chinese;
• Centre for Environment and Development in the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE), Cairo, Egypt, Mr Ismail El Bagouri; e-mail: ibagouri@cedare.org.eg Magazine in Arabic;
• IWMI-India, Hyderabad, India, Ms Stephanie Buechler, e-mail: s.buechler@cgiar.org
• The Urban Agriculture Network (TUAN), Washington, USA. Mr Jac Smit; e-mail: urbanag@compuserve.com
• ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), Leusden, the Netherlands; Mr Henk de Zeeuw: email: ruaf@etcnl.nl
• Ms Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Mr Luc Mougeot, International Development Research Council (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada;
• Mr Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (SIUPA), Peru.

Editors No. 10

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), together with Ndeye Fatou D. Gueye of IAGU.

Web Editing and Books

Lucy Browne, René van Veenhuizen

Administrations

Michael Baumeister

Design and Layout

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editor

Oshani Perera

Printing

Koninklijke BDU

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791
e-mail: ruaf@etcnl.nl
website: www.ruaf.org

Editorial: Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

Takawira Mubvami, Shingirayi Mushamba and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

Land is an important resource for urban agriculture. Urban farming requires some land space, irrespective of whether the farming system is soil-based or not. Therefore land is and will remain a resource of particular concern to urban farmers. But land, or rather the adequate use of the land, is of increasing concern also to planners and municipal policymakers who have to consider the various demands on the land and its functions in and around the city.

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Editorial.pdf	128.98 KB

Electronic Conference: Optimising Agricultural Land Use in the City Area

Michael Baumeister and Henk de Zeeuw

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

An increasing number of cities and countries are interested to include urban agriculture in their strategies and programmes to reduce urban poverty and enhance urban food security. In order to facilitate that process, from 3 - 26 of November 2003, the Urban Management Programme (UNDP / UN-Habitat), and ETC-RUAF organised an electronic conference on the optimisation of access of the urban poor to land for agricultural activities.

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Electronic Conference.pdf	113.74 KB

Migrants' Access to Land in Periurban Beijing

Shenghe Liu, Jianming Cai and Zhenshan Yang

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

Farmland in periurban Beijing is owned by local rural collective units (village committees) but is primarily cultivated by migrants without local hukou (household registration). This is different from the typical agricultural production in China where farmland is both owned and cultivated by the local rural population. Two case studies were conducted in Haidian district of the Beijing suburbs to explore how migrants in Beijing gain access to land.

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Migrants' Access to Land in Periurban Beijing.pdf	156.42 KB

Optimising Agricultural Land Use in Kano

E.A. Olofin and A.I. Tanko

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

This contribution summarises the findings of a sequence of research studies in Kano, the largest city in Northern Nigeria, which show the significance of urban and periurban agriculture in the area and its contributions to improved nutrition, household food security, employment, etc. of city dwellers, and discuss the access of farmers to land.

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Optimising Agricultural Land Use in Kano.pdf	95 KB

Access to Land for Urban Agriculture in Kampala

Lillian N. Kiguli, Augustus Nuwagaba, David Mwesigwa and Juliet Kiguli

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

Agriculture in Kampala is practised mainly in valley slums where the poor live in informal settlements. Although urban agriculture offers easy access to services and markets, gaining access to land to grow food and rear animals is a challenge for the urban poor.

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Access to Land for UA in Kampala.pdf	98.32 KB

The Land Issue and Urban Agriculture in Bamako

Dr. Dieudonné Zalle, Ms. Fatima Meite and Mr. Amadou Konate

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

African cities experience uncontrolled development and Bamako, the capital of Mali, is no exception. Its rapid growth catches town planners unawares and exceeds national budgets for support to urbanisation. Urban agriculture is one way to help to meet the increasing demand for food in the city.

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The Land Issue and UA in Bamako.pdf	83.16 KB

Access to Land and Water for Urban Vegetable Farming in Accra

Emmanuel Obuobie, George Danso and Pay Drechsel

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

Access to land and water are key parameters for urban farmers. Often, both land and water are of marginal quality and the use thereof is informal or illegal. As such, the municipal authorities are requested to increase land security, allowing farmers to invest in water management, thereby meeting public health concerns as well.

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Access to Land and Water for Urban Vegetable Farming in Accra.pdf	128.33 KB

The Problem of Access to land in Divo

Paola Iaccarino Idelson

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

The issue of access to land, for urban agriculture in particular, involves multiple spheres of the public and private domains: political, legal, and socio-economic. Easy access to land means access to food, while limited access often leads to food insecurity, and to a strong sense of anxiety for the future. This article is based on a descriptive study that analysed the different categories of people in the town of Divo, Côte d'Ivoire. It focuses on the differences between locals and migrants, and points out the consequences that access to land has on their lives. It argues that the conditions constraining migrants and the formal recognition of Divo's urban agriculture and its potential, is crucial in a policy framework.

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The Problem of Access to land in Divo.pdf	143.35 KB

Urban and Periurban Agriculture in Setif

Abdelmalek Boudjenouia and Andre Fleury

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

In Algeria, periurban agriculture as such is not recognised. Thus small-scale agriculture around a city like Setif has not been differentiated from the larger-scale cultivation of cereal in the rural regions. With the liberalisation of economic policy since 1987, farmers have greater freedom in the orientation of their agricultural operations. The potential for a policy that promotes household gardens in periurban popular housing areas is necessary to meet food, recreational and environmental functions.

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Urban and Periurban Agriculture in Setif.pdf	85.85 KB

Optimisation of the Use of Vacant Land in Rosario

Marielle Dubbeling

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

The experience from Rosario described here is one of three experiences under the project 'Optimisation of Use of Vacant Land for Urban Agriculture' promoted by the Urban Management Program for Latin America and the Caribbean (UMP- LAC). The project is simultaneously being carried out in Cienfuegos, Cuba (the next article) and in Governador Valadares in Brazil (included in a box).

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Optimisation of the Use of Vacant Land in Rosario.pdf	85.47 KB

From Empty Lots to Productive Spaces in Cienfuegos

Alejandro R Socorro Castro

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

The experience from Cienfuegos described here is one of three experiences under the project 'Optimisation of Use of Vacant Land for Urban Agriculture' promoted by the Urban Management Program for Latin America and the Caribbean (UMP- LAC). The project is simultaneously being carried out in Rosario, Argentina (the previous article) and in Governador Valadares in Brazil (included in a box).

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From Empty Lots to Productive Spaces in Cienfuegos.pdf	80.03 KB

Community Gardens in eThekweni Municipality in South Africa

M.G. Leech

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

Part of eThekweni Municipality has tracts of public land, zoned for various purposes, but which could not be used or developed due to limited finances. In early 1998, the council started to stimulate community gardens, which is believed to be a win-win situation for both the community and the Council.

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Community Gardens in eThekweni Municipality.pdf	61.38 KB

Allotment Gardens for Philippine Cities

Robert J. Holmer, Merlito T. Clavejo, Stefan Dongus and Axel Drescher

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

Community gardens are defined as gardens where people share the basic resources of land, water, and sunlight. This definition includes both allotment and common gardens. Since March 2002, a project is being implemented in Cagayan de Oro, Southern Philippines, to establish four pilot allotment gardens in different parts of the city with financial assistance from EuropeAid's AsiaUrbs Programme.

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Allotment Gardens for Philippine Cities.pdf	118.6 KB

Urban Agriculture in the London Borough of Bexley

Beacon Mbiba

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

This paper looks at under-utilisation of urban agricultural land in the London Borough of Bexley and considers the challenges that municipal officials face in making decisions about the future use of such land. Whereas the financial costs and benefits for alternative land use are clear, those for urban agriculture are not. Essentially, technical decisions on the use of land are made with an eye on local politics and pressures from competing constituencies. In the highly populated residential areas, like in Kenya, where arable land to cultivate is too scarce to facilitate meaningful farming, vegetables can be grown in space-confined gardens, like bags.

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UA in the London Borough of Bexley.pdf	72.01 KB

Facilitating Land Access for the Copperbelt's Periurban Farmers

Gail Steckley and Mike Muleba

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

Lack of secure access to land is a significant constraint for periurban residents in Zambia's Copperbelt Province to realise the potential of urban agriculture as a livelihood strategy. This paper explores the role of the Copperbelt Urban Livelihoods Project (CULP) in facilitating the resolution of land disputes affecting poor periurban residents using an "interest-based negotiations" approach.

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Facilitating Land Access.pdf	101.72 KB

The Right to Suitable Water for Agriculture in India

Max Haan

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

It is not unusual for urban and periurban farmers to use wastewater for agriculture. According to Indian law it could be argued that wastewater farmers are entitled to such water, while the government has the obligation to ensure the suitability of the water. This article aims at making a small step in creating legal awareness by offering a constitutional view on the right of access to water suitable for agriculture.

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The Right to Suitable Water for Agriculture in India.pdf	159.64 KB

Legal and Policy Aspects of Urban Agriculture in Tanzania

Malongo R.S. Mlozi

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture in Tanzania knows a generally favourable political and legal national context. These policies were issued during the 1970s and 1980s, to encourage people to produce their own food. At the municipal level it was found in the 1980s that these policies, especially encouraging livestock, also had some negative effects and the existing municipal by-laws were reviewed. An overview.

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Legal and Policy Aspects of UA in Tanzania.pdf	75.52 KB

Integration of Urban Agriculture in Planning in Turkey

Mercan efe

In: UA Magazine No. 11 - Availability, Access and Usability of Land for Urban Agriculture

In Turkey, urban agriculture does not appear in the "land use and possession classification codes" used in urban planning. This classification was developed 25 years ago and is not clear about certain uses. This classification needs to be updated for which this article gives some suggestions.

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Integration of UA in Planning in Turkey.pdf	62.67 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No 11, December 2003

The UA Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme co-ordinated by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada. The UA Magazine is published 3 times a year, and is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean (UMP-LAC), Quito, Ecuador; Mr Alain Santandreu; e-mail alain@pgu-ecu.org: Magazine in Spanish: www: http://www.ipes.org/aguila/
• Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Dakar, Senegal, Ms Ndeye Fatou Gueye;e-mail iagurau@enda.sn : Magazine in French;
• Municipal Development Programme (MDP) - East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe;Mr Shingirayi Mushamba, e-mail: smushamba@mdpesa.org
• Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research (IGSNRR) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China; Mr Jianming Cai, e-mail: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn ; Magazine in Chinese;
• Centre for Environment and Development in the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE), Cairo, Egypt, Mr Ismail El Bagouri; e-mail: ibagouri@cedare.org.eg Magazine in Arabic;
• IWMI-India, Hyderabad, India, Ms Stephanie Buechler, e-mail: s.buechler@cgiar.org
• The Urban Agriculture Network (TUAN), Washington, USA. Mr Jac Smit; e-mail: urbanag@compuserve.com
• ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), Leusden, the Netherlands; Mr Henk de Zeeuw: email: ruaf@etcnl.nl
• Ms Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Mr Luc Mougeot, International Development Research Council (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada;
• Mr Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (SIUPA), Peru.

Editors No. 11

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), together with Shingarayi Mushamba and Takawira Mubvami of MDP and Michael Baumeister.

Resonsible web edition

Lucy Browne, René van Veenhuizen

Administrations

Michael Baumeister

Design and Layout

Jan Hiensch, Leusden

Language Editor

Chesha Wettasinha

Design, Layout and Printing

Koninklijke BDU

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791
e-mail: ruaf@etcnl.nl
website: www.ruaf.org

Editorial: Gender and Urban Agriculture

Joanna Wilbers, Alice J. Hovorka and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture can have positive and/or negative consequences for men and women. This will depend on the situation and conditions. Information on urban agriculture demonstrates that it generally has a positive impact on household food security, and thus will be beneficial to women as they most often are responsible. This issue of UA Magazine takes a closer look, by exploring how urban agriculture relates to existing gender dynamics.

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Editorial.pdf	141.26 KB

Gender, Urban Agriculture and Politics - A Testimony

Shingirayi Mushamba

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

In 1997, I was working as a Town Planner in the town of Marondera in Zimbabwe. One morning, I was called to the Executive Mayor's office. When I went in, I could not find a chair to sit on, as the office was full of women, so I stood, receiving the instructions from the Mayor. The Mayor told me that because of a presentation on urban farming I had made to the council some time before, and because of my professional work as the Town Planner, he had an urgent task for me. He introduced the women in the room. They were members of ZANU PF's Women's League. They had asked the Mayor to allocate them pieces of land in the town, which they could use for growing maize, the staple food.

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Testimony.pdf	66.53 KB

Gendered Urban Agriculture in Greater Gaborone, Botswana

Alice J. Hovorka

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture in Greater Gaborone takes on a predominantly commercial character whereby the bulk of produce is sold on the urban market. It has not emerged as a response to stifled economic opportunities in the city but rather through a favourable political economic environment. Three key dimensions of urban agriculture in Greater Gaborone make it an interesting and insightful case study on gender issues: it is predominantly commercial, it is formally recognised, and an equal number of men and women participate. This article provides an overview of research findings and conclusions of a study in Greater Gaborone.

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Gendered UA in Greater Gaborone, Botswana.pdf	67.58 KB

Urban Agriculture in Rosario: an opportunity for gender equality

Gunther Merzthal

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

This article is an adapted summary of a diagnostic survey on the roles and functions of women community farmers in the city of Rosario. The study was carried out in October 2003 by representatives of the Areas of Employment, Women, and Urban Agriculture of the Department of Social Promotion of the Municipality of Rosario and the NGO Rima.

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UA in Rosario - an opportunity for gender equality.pdf	97.22 KB

Our Daily Realities: urban organic homegardens in Lima, Peru

Tasso Hetterschijt

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

Lima is historically known as the Garden City. However, judging from its lack of greenery it is hard to imagine how it earned this name. Gardening on the Peruvian desert with an annual rainfall of 25 mm is hard. People have developed several strategies to irrigate their crops by using water from the Rimac river and tap water. Consequently, urban agriculture has many faces in Lima. The livelihood of the urban farmers is very dynamic, and the activities carried out by different members of the household change rapidly.

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Urban Organic Homegardens in Lima, Peru.pdf	81.64 KB

When the Women Decided to Work the Gardens

Marta de Olarte

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

Urbanisation and de-population of rural areas in Peru have advanced dramatically over the past 60 years. Today, almost three-quarters of the Peruvian population live in urban and periurban zones. As a result, the cities' resources and services for their own residents, including health care, education, employment, and access to food, have become increasingly stretched.. Urban agriculture has steadily grown in the past few decades in metropolitan Lima, largely brought in by rural migrants. This context led the Resources for Development Association (REDE) to promote "communal gardens" in the southern cone of Lima as a way to fight hunger and malnutrition. The work of REDE has a "gender in development" focus, through which an effort is made to analyse the roles and the needs of men and women in order to empower women.

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When the Women Decided to Work the Gardens.pdf	65.37 KB

Gender in Open-Space Irrigated Urban Vegetable Farming in Ghana

Emmanuel Obuobie, Pay Drechsel, George Danso and Liqa Raschid-Sally

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

As in many other West African countries, men dominate in open-space urban vegetable farming in Ghana, particularly open-space irrigated vegetable farming. The arduous nature of most farm tasks, such as land clearing and preparation is the major reason given by farmers (both male and female) to explain why men dominate this informal sector activity. Women were found to dominate in the marketing of urban farm produce. This is partly due to the Ghanaian tradition that marketing in general is a woman's job, but also because Ghanaian women perceive marketing as more profitable, and less risky than farming.

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Gender in Open-Space Irrigated Urban Vegetable Farming in Ghana.pdf	112.94 KB

Women in Urban Agriculture in West Africa

Angelika Kessler, Friedhelm Streiffeler and Emmanuel Obuobie

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

Traditionally, women have cultivated local vegetables around the house in many West African societies. However, in the French-speaking countries of this region, temperate vegetables were introduced in the colonial time. Prisoners and local soldiers (all men) were obliged to produce these vegetables. This article describes the results of two studies in West Africa, focusing on female- dominated vegetable production.

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Women in UA in West Africa.pdf	79.21 KB

Gender, Water and Urban Agriculture

Felicity Chancellor

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

Urban poverty is an increasing problem. Around 70% of the world's poorest people are women, many of whom are widows or single mothers with the responsibility of feeding children and old people. Small-scale food production as part of a range of opportunities is vital to the livelihoods of poor people and poor women in the city. The social, cultural, and economic climate of the city moulds the ways men and women can use and benefit from urban agriculture. The two studies referred to in this article provide a rudimentary gender analysis as the basis to discuss how urban agriculture actually benefits the major stakeholders.

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Gender, Water and Urban Agriculture.pdf	102.64 KB

Building Women's Capacities to Access Markets in the Periurban Interface

Sangeetha Purushothaman, M.S. Subhas and Mitali Nagrecha

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

In the periurban interface immense changes in livelihoods and land use occur. Expansion of cities stimulated by globalisation and privatisation poses risks for existing livelihoods as well as opportunities for new livelihoods by making use of urban employment and markets. Decision makers in urban and rural government agencies and in development agencies alike need to recognise these changes that are already underway, and respond in ways that turn these changes into opportunities for new livelihoods for the periurban and rural poor. This paper discusses some of the practices currently in place, which open up marketing avenues for the poor and for women.

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Building Women's Capacities to Access Markets in the Periurban Interface.pdf	92.92 KB

Women and Periurban Agriculture in the Niayes Zone of Senegal

Maty Ba Diao

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

The periurban zone of the Niayes has a long tradition of market gardening and fruit and flower production in combination with small-scale animal husbandry, both for self-consumption and for sale on urban markets. Little research has been conducted on gender and urban agriculture in Senegal. In this article the role of women in periurban agriculture in the Niayes zone is described based on case studies and constraints and needs for further research are outlined.

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Women and Periurban Agriculture in the Niayes Zone of Senegal.pdf	95.21 KB

Women in Senegalese Periurban Agriculture: the case of Touba Peycouck

Nathan C. McClintock

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

In Senegal, urban agriculture has grown rapidly in response to the fragile nature of urban food security and to meet the market needs of the growing urban populace. Inadequate access to land, precarious land tenure, and insufficient water and manure make urban farming increasingly difficult, particularly for women whose access to land and capital is limited by a host of socio-economic factors.

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Women in Senegalese Periurban Agriculture.pdf	90.3 KB

Gender Dimensions of Urban Commercial Farming in Lagos, Nigeria

Vide Anosike and Mayowa Fasona

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

A high rate of poverty among urban households, rapidly growing responsibilities of women as bread winners and the potentials embedded in city farming have caused urban agriculture to become a crucial activity in Lagos. However, inadequate access to land, a lack of improved implements and insufficient availability of water for irrigation, among other problems, remain pertinent obstacles to efficient and effective farm practices Women tend to be the worst affected by these problems and,. consequently, women dominate in many urban agricultural activities that have lower profit margins. Unfortunately, the changes expected to narrow down gender disparities in commercial food production processes and encourage high profit, savings and investment remain at the neophyte stage. This paper critically appraises the peculiarity of gender challenges in urban food production in Lagos and offers some policy considerations.

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Gender Dimensions of Urban Commercial Farming in Lagos, Nigeria.pdf	86.33 KB

Integration of Gender in Municipal Policies: the case of urban agriculture in Port Harcourt in Nigeria

Yomi Oruwari and Margaret Jev

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

Integration of gender in planning interventions improves programmes and policies especially oriented toward the poor in urban areas. Urban land use planning and gender involvement is a major issue in Nigeria at the moment, as it pertains to effective utilisation of urban land. In and around the city of Port Harcourt urban farmlands have given way to urban development activities, especially mineral oil exploitation and the development of land for housing. In this process, the inability of urban planners to cater for the growing needs of the urban farmers, especially women producing fresh vegetables and perishable fruits, is apparent and needs attention.

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Integration of Gender in Municipal Policies.pdf	62.8 KB

Urban Livestock Production and Gender in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Azage Tegegne

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

Urban livestock production plays a substantial role in the food security of the city. Yet urban livestock keepers are still receiving little attention in terms of policy, and institutional and technical supports targeted at their needs. In Ethiopia, women perform 70% of the livestock production activities. Milk processing and marketing activities are mainly done by women, while selling and buying livestock is exclusively the men's responsibility. Women make important contributions to food production through the long hours they spend on the farm caring for household animals, selling farm products and processing food.

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Urban Livestock Production and Gender in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.pdf	107.2 KB

Gender Analysis of Urban Agriculture in Kampala, Uganda

Grace Nabulo, George Nasinyama, Diana Lee-Smith and Donald Cole

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

This article reports on a survey of 250 farmers growing food on former dump-sites and wastewater irrigated wetlands in Kampala city. The questionnaires were developed with the help of IDRC guidelines on gender analysis methods. The study seeks to describe the distribution of activities and resources, benefits and risks of urban agriculture based on gender. It shows that the main motivating benefit of urban agriculture in Kampala City is food and that women suffer more from a lack of ownership and control over land than men. Women are more likely to grow food crops on contaminated land, which makes them more vulnerable to health risks associated with improper management of urban agriculture.

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Gender Analysis of UA in Kampala, Uganda.pdf	110.05 KB

Gender and Access to Land for Urban Agriculture in Kampala, Uganda

Juliet Kiguli and Lillian N. Kiguli

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

Urban and periurban farming are increasingly important as a source of income and food for the urban population in Uganda. Women lack access to land, as do the poor marginalised migrant young men. Legal and policy frameworks are not fully promulgated for protection of urban farmers and especially women. Irrespective of some cultural inhibitors, Uganda has adapted affirmative action to improve gender relations. Lobbying and advocacy at the organisational and individual levels are important to improve women's access to land and micro-finances.

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Gender and Access to Land for UA in Kampala, Uganda.pdf	85.98 KB

Urban and Periurban Agriculture in Namibia

S.J. Dima and A.A. Ogunmokun

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

In Namibia, urbanisation has attained explosive rates since independence in 1990, along with the rapid migration of rural people to the urban areas in search of employment. As the driest country in Africa, Namibia's agricultural base is weak. Most vegetables and fruits sold in urban centres of Namibia are imported from South Africa. Despite this disadvantage, intensive urban farming activities, both on a commercial and a micro scale, are carried out in backyards, open spaces and along river courses. There is very little information available on this farming. A study was therefore conducted to collect, synthesise and analyse all available information on two municipalities in Namibia, namely Windhoek and Oshakati.

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Urban and Periurban Agriculture in Namibia.pdf	69.05 KB

Gender Perspectives on Periurban Agriculture in Nepal

Kanhaiya Sapkota

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

Periurban agriculture has been practiced for a long time in Nepal. While rural agriculture is predominantly subsistence oriented, agriculture in and around the urban areas is more market oriented. In Nepal there is no policy regulating periurban agriculture. Manahara, the low-lying area of Bhaktapur district located in the Kathmandu Valley, is typical for the area. Although suitable for all-seasonal crops, the land is cultivated mainly under intensive horticulture. Located near the major market centres, it is the main source of perishable vegetables for the people in the city, and the farmer can easily access his or her inputs.

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Gender Perspectives on Periurban Agriculture in Nepal.pdf	83.55 KB

Women Fishers in Periurban Kolkata

Madhumita Mukherjee, Rajarshi Banerjee, Arindam Datta, Soma Sen and Basundhara Chatterjee

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

East Kolkata Wetland has been recognised as a highly productive, remunerative and employment-generating eco-system. The eco-system cleans the city environment and acts as a catalytic agent to change the city's waste into protein-rich Aqua Zone, which is also a major supplier of vegetable, fruit and horticultural products. Bengal women actively participate in a number of income-generating activities for their families. The project reported on here, was undertaken to develop an understanding of trends in fishery development and their implications for the periurban fishing community of Kolkata. A second objective was to investigate the women's role in fisheries and in the fishing community, in order to develop a correct strategy to strengthen women's meaningful participation. The study was done in three different periurban systems.

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Women Fishers in Periurban Kolkata.pdf	64.18 KB

Urban Agriculture, Household Organisation and Female Autonomy: A case study in southern Mexico City

Fernando Neira Orjuela

In: UA Magazine No. 12 - Gender and Urban Agriculture

This article is a synthesis of a doctoral thesis undertaken in San Luis Tlaxialtemalco, a town of the Xochimilco Delegation of the southern zone of Mexico City, with a population of 12,553. Agricultural micro-enterprises have developed around production in greenhouses. This has proved to be a valid strategy for the farming families to generate income, but it has also served to improve the decision-making power and freedom of movement of women, enhancing their autonomy.

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UA, Household Organisation and Female Autonomy.pdf	88.64 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No 12, May 2004

The UA Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme co-ordinated by ETC Netherlands and financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada. The UA Magazine is published 3 times a year, and is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean (UMP-LAC), Quito, Ecuador; Mr. Gunther Merzthal; e-mail gunther@pgu-ecu.org: Magazine in Spanish: www: http://www.ipes.org/aguila/
• Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Dakar, Senegal, Ms Ndeye Fatou Gueye;e-mail iagurau@enda.sn : Magazine in French;
• Municipal Development Programme (MDP) - East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe;Mr Shingirayi Mushamba, e-mail: smushamba@mdpesa.org
• Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research (IGSNRR) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China; Mr Jianming Cai, e-mail: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn ; Magazine in Chinese;
• IWMI-India, Hyderabad, India, Ms Stephanie Buechler, e-mail: s.buechler@cgiar.org
• The Urban Agriculture Network (TUAN), Washington, USA. Mr Jac Smit; e-mail: urbanag@compuserve.com
• Ms Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Mr Luc Mougeot, International Development Research Council (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada;
• Mr Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (SIUPA), Peru.
• ETC - Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (RUAF), Leusden, the Netherlands; Mr Henk de Zeeuw: email: ruaf@etcnl.nl

Editors No. 12

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), together with Alice Hovorka of University of Guelph, Canada and Joanna Wilbers of ETC.

Web Editing and Books

Dorine Rüter and René van Veenhuizen

Administrations

Nathalie Rietman

Language Editor

Chatharina de Kat

Design, Layout and Printing

Koninklijke BDU

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791
e-mail: ruaf@etcnl.nl
website: www.ruaf.org

Editorial: Trees and Cities - Growing together

Cecel Konijnendijk, Michelle Gauthier and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

While human societies have largely been rural over the years, currently the majority of the world’s population lives in cities and towns. Increasingly land is needed for urban areas to cater for the inputs and outputs (the urban footprint), with often a detrimental effect on forests and other green areas. Especially in the developing world, where most (emerging) megacities are located, managing urban populations will be one of the main challenges of our time.

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Editorial.pdf	133.74 KB

Linear Urban Agriculture

Jac Smit, TUAN

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

Accessing 'the commons' for food security, a healthier environment and community development.

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Linear Urban Agriculture.pdf	93.88 KB

Agroforestry in Periurban Cities of Abia State, Nigeria

Stella N. Odurukwe

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

Abia is one of the 36 states of Nigeria and is located in the southeastern geopolitical zone of the country. The state encompasses two main urban cities, namely Aba and Umuahia, and many other periurban cities such as Bende, Ohafia, Isikwuato, Uzuakoli, Mbawsi and Obehie. These areas have attained the status of periurban either as a result of their nearness to the larger cities Aba and Umuahia or as a result of being local government headquarters.

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Agroforestry in Periurban Cities of Abia State, Nigeria.pdf	78.26 KB

Promoting the Integration of Agroforestry in Urban and Periurban Kisumu

Sammy Carsan, Geroge Wesonga and Miriam Wambugu

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

The dramatic increase in the urban population of Kisumu demands corresponding attention to food, fuel and shelter. Improving the quality of life thus calls for design strategies which include agroforestry.

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Promoting the Integration of Agroforestry in Urban and Periurban Kisumu.pdf	88.29 KB

Urban Gardening on the Small Islands of the Pacific

Randy Thaman

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

Pacific Island countries historically have been almost entirely dependent on subsistence and commercial agricultural, wildland and fisheries production in rural areas as the foundation for sustainable development. Today, however, these small-island states are among the most rapidly urbanising areas of the world.

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Urban Gardening on the Small Islands of the Pacific.pdf	150.38 KB

Urban Forestry in China: Status and Prospects

Chunjiang Liu, Xiaohui Shen, Pisheng Zhou, Shengquan Che, Yanling Zhang and Guangrong Shen

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

Over the last 20 years, a rapid process of urbanisation has taken place in China due to increasing economic development. Between 1983 and 2003, the number of cities and towns in China increased 2.5 times to about 50,000, and the urban population reached the level of about 40% of the total population in the country.

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Urban Forestry in China.pdf	120.48 KB

Fodder Shrubs for Increasing the Incomes of (Peri)urban Livestock Owners

Charles Wambugu and Steven Franzel

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

In Kenya, there are about 650,000 smallholder dairy farmers and most are near cities and towns, where milk demand is high and marketing costs are relatively low. Milk is highly perishable, which is a primary reason why it is produced in and around urban areas.

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Fodder Shrubs for Increasing the Incomes of (Peri)urban Livestock Owners.pdf	80.74 KB

Urban Fodder Forests in The Gambia

Yemi Akinbamijo

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

There is a growing presence of new animal genetic resources in West African cities geared to boost the local production base for meat and milk. Access to good quality feeds and supplements is becoming difficult for the farmers.

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Urban Fodder Forests in The Gambia.pdf	90.81 KB

Grazing Animals as Park Managers

Inger Ledin and Anna Jonasson

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

Interest in using grazing animals in the management of parks and other urban green areas has grown in Sweden in recent years. Through grazing and trampling these animals create the conditions for a rich flora and fauna. This study was undertaken to document the use of grazing animals for management of urban green areas in Swedish municipalities.

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Grazing Animals as Park Managers.pdf	90.07 KB

Multipurpose Plantations as a Tool for Periurban Agroforestry

Anne Oosterbaan

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

Multifunctional plantations offer a valuable contribution to mixed ways of periurban agriculture and forestry. They exist of a combination of trees with agriculture and produce a variety of products, offering a kind of nature citizens ask for.

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Multipurpose Plantations as a Tool for Periurban Agroforestry.pdf	68.38 KB

Designing Spaces to Work the Land and Build Communities

Antonio Lattuca, Raúl Terrile, Ricardo Kingsland, Pablo Abalos, Sabrina Cáceres, Carina Tamagno, Elio Di Bernardo, Laura Bracalenti, Laura Lagorio and Virginia Lamas

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

The experience described here is part of the inter-institutional and participatory research-action project called "Optimization of the use of vacant land for Urban Agriculture through participatory planning and management programs, to promote food security and participatory municipal governance". This project has been carried out with the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean of the Urban Management Program, supported by IPES and IDRC.

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Designing Spaces to Work the Land and Build Communities.pdf	85.69 KB

Urban Forestry Development in Beijing: A Historical Perspective

Jianming CAI , Tingting HU, Liou XIE, Yingli GUO

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

Urban forestry is often regarded as a key ecological asset of a city. Each year many efforts are put into urban afforestation in China to make its cities more attractive and liveable. In the case of Beijing, this is even more obvious, particularly since the city is aiming to host 'green Olympics' in 2008.

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Urban Forestry Development in Beijing.pdf	86.6 KB

Building a Sustainable Urban Forest

Terry Mock

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

In the United States it is estimated that 90 percent of the entire population now lives within the boundaries of what is commonly called the "urban forest" - a term used to describe the sum total of all vegetation growing in urban and community areas, including the city centre, city residential, suburbs and suburban fringe.

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Building_Sustainable_Urban_Forest.pdf	95.42 KB

Economics and Public Value of Urban Forests

Kathleen L. Wolf

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

Scientific understanding of how urban trees, forests and green space benefit people has expanded substantially in recent years to include social, environmental and economic domains. Despite increasing scientific evidence, there is a lag in policy response in many municipalities.

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Economics and Public Value of Urban Forests.pdf	116.64 KB

The Policy, Legislative and Institutional Framework for Urban Forestry in Zimbabwe

Makanatsa Makonese and Shingirayi Mushamba

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

The concept of urban forestry in Zimbabwe is applicable to pockets of forested plots that remain in the urban areas, as well as to newly established woodlots and vegetated parks for recreational and aesthetic purposes. Urban forestry also covers the planting and maintenance of ornamental trees, shrubs and bushes along the main streets, roads and avenues, by private residents to beautify their homes, and in undeveloped areas.

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The Policy, Legislative and Institutional Framework for Urban Forestry in Zimbabwe.pdf	88.34 KB

Urban Greening and Health: merging the issues in Kenya

Dennis Osino and Paul S. Opanga

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

A rapid increase in rural to urban migration has resulted in serious soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, and deteriorating health and safety conditions, which have consequently led to food insecurity and ultimately extreme poverty in Kenyan cities such as Nairobi and Kisumu.

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Urban Greening and Health.pdf	92.72 KB

Community forests in North East England

Clive Davies, Jonathan Scurlock

In: UA Magazine No. 13 - Trees and Cities - Growing Together

The Community Forest programme in England, announced in 1988, started as an experimental initiative by the Countryside Agency and the Forestry Commission, with an ambitious vision for the creation of well-wooded landscapes in and around major urban areas to be used for work, wildlife, recreation and education.

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Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
No 13, December 2004
ISSN 1571-6244

The UA Magazine is published by the Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture (RUAF), a Programme co-ordinated by ETC Foundation and financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada. The UA Magazine is published 3 times a year, and is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic, and distributed in separate editions through regional networks.

Editorial Board

• Mr. Gunther Merzthal, Urban Management Programme-Latin America and the Caribbean (UMP-LAC), Quito, Ecuador; e-mail: gunther@pgu-ecu.org; Magazine in Spanish; www: http://www.ipes.org/aguila/
• Ms Ndeye Fatou Gueye, Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine (IAGU), Dakar, Senegal; e-mail: iagurau@enda.sn; Magazine in French
• Mr Shingirayi Mushamba, Municipal Development Programme (MDP) - East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; e-mail: smushamba@mdpesa.org
• Mr Jianming Cai, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research (IGSNRR) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China; e-mail: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn; Magazine in Chinese
• Ms Stephanie Buechler, IWMI-India, Hyderabad, India; e-mail: s.buechler@cgiar.org
• Mr Jac Smit, The Urban Agriculture Network (TUAN), Washington, USA; e-mail: urbanag@compuserve.com
• Ms Dagmar Kunze, FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Ghana
• Mr Luc Mougeot, International Development Research Council (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada
• Mr Gordon Prain, CIP- Sustainable Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (SIUPA), Peru
• Mr Henk de Zeeuw, ETC Foundation – Urban Agriculture, Leusden, the Netherlands

Editors No. 13

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), together with Cecil Konijnendijk of woodSCAPE Consult and Michelle Gauthier of the Forestry Department, FAO.

Web Editing and Books

Dorine Rüter and René van Veenhuizen

Administrations

Nathalie Rietman

Language Editor

Chatharina de Kat-Reynen

Design, Layout and Printing

Koninklijke BDU

Subscriptions

The editor
ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden, The Netherlands
Visitors address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791
e-mail: ruaf@etcnl.nl
website: www.ruaf.org

Editorial

Will Leschen, David Little, Stuart Bunting and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

The cultivation of fish and aquatic plants/vegetables¹ is widespread throughout many cities in South East Asia and to a lesser extent in Africa and Latin America. Aquatic production is intrinsically linked with the livelihoods of a significant number of the lower income urban households. There is a wide array of activities, from extensive to intensive cultivation of both fish and aquatic vegetables. However, the production systems involved are generally semi-intensive often utilising wastewater from the city as a source of nutrients and fertiliser for increasing production.

¹⁾ term aquatic vegetable is used throughout this edition to describe the edible green plants water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) – commonly known as water morning glory, water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea), water cress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum) and water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera) which are grown in water.

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Aquatic Food Production Systems in Bangkok

Ruangvit Yoonpundh, Varunthat Dulyapurk and Chumpol Srithong

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

Around 10 million people now reside in densely populated communities in Bangkok. As a result, the demand for food has increased dramatically. Of the many varieties of fresh produce available, city consumers favour aquatic products such as water spinach, water mimosa and freshwater fish. These products are grown primarily in periurban areas around Bangkok.

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Current Status of Periurban Aquatic Production in Hanoi

Nguyen Thi Dieu Phuong and Pham Anh Tuan

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

With a total of 5100 ha of water surface area Hanoi has great potential for aquaculture development, not only of traditional aquaculture practiced in ponds, reservoirs, urban lakes, rice fields, and wastewater-fed areas, but also aquaculture integrated with tourism, leisure and entertainment facilities.  Because of urbanisation, pond aquaculture in urban areas in Hanoi is decreasing, whilst in peri-urban areas lowland rice fields are being converted into areas for aquatic vegetable production, fish ponds and integrated farming systems.

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Periurban Aquatic Food Production Systems in Phnom Penh

Kuong Khov, Sok Daream and Chouk Borin

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

The numerous plots located around wetlands in peri-urban Phnom Penh, are important sources of  edible aquatic vegetables and fish for the city and other areas of Cambodia. These areas are fertilised by domestic sewage/wastewater  discharged from the city. The activities relating to these production systems are intrinsically linked with the livelihoods of many poor people living in and around the city.

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Production and Marketing Systems of Aquatic Products in Ho Chi Minh City

Le Thanh Hung and Huynh Pham Viet Huy

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) is the second city of Vietnam located in the South-Eastern part of the country. With an area of 209,370 ha, HCMC is currently inhabited by almost 6 million permanent residents. About 83.3% of the population lives within the urban area, creating a very high population density with a diverse and dynamic economic environment. Aquaculture is an important component of the city’s economy, but increasingly so in the periurban areas.

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The Future of Periurban Aquatic Food Production Systems in Southeast Asia

Jonathan Rigg and Albert M Salamanca

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

Periurban aquatic food production systems are systems in transition. They are always at the cusp of change, on the point of shifting from one thing to another. New activities, physical features, agencies, institutions, populations and infrastructures colonise the periurban space, and may replace or displace existing peoples, institutions and activities, or lead them to respond and adapt to the evolving situation.

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Planning for Aquatic Production in East Kolkata Wetlands

Nitai Kundu, Nina Halder, Mousumi Pal, Sharmistha Saha and Stuart W Bunting

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

Wastewater aquaculture, as practised in the East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW), has attracted much international attention as a model system for the reuse of urban wastewater and resource recovery. At present the multifunctional wetland ecosystem covers approximately 12,500 ha, and is comprised mainly of 254 fisheries managed for wastewater aquaculture, agricultural land, horticultural plots and residential areas. It constitutes a unique system of resource recovery, in which nutrients are extracted from the city’s wastewater through fish farming and agriculture.

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Demise of Periurban Wastewater-fed Aquaculture?

Peter Edwards

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

Recent field visits of the author to periurban areas in Bangladesh and Vietnam indicate that some wastewater-fed aquaculture systems may have limited prospects, while others prove difficult to extend. The major constraining factor is the limited availability of land in rapidly expanding cities.

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uam14_article8.pdf	649.41 KB

Skin Diseases Among People Using Urban Wastewater in Phnom Penh

Wim van der Hoek, Vuong Tuan Anh, Phung Dac Cam, Chan Vicheth and Anders Dalsgaard

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

The major challenge in sustainable use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture is to optimise the benefits of wastewater as a resource (both the water and the nutrients it contains) and to minimise the negative impacts on human health. Epidemiological studies in different countries have established
that the highest risk to human health of using wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture is posed by worm infections.

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The Use of Treated Sewage Water from Settlement Ponds in San Juan, Lima

Julio Moscoso

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

The Treatment and Use of Sewage Water programme started at CEPIS twenty years ago in order to contribute to increasing the sewage water treatment network in the region using technologies that would allow for the removal of pathogenic organisms as well as  organic materials. So far, CEPIS and the various Peruvian institutions have carried out a series of experiments on the treatment and use of sewage water at the Bio-Ecological Complex in San Juan, south of Lima, Peru.

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uam14_article10.pdf	219.06 KB

Family Aquaculture in Cuba

Magaly Coto Coto

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

Aquaculture is seen as an important alternative in Cuban food production. The MIP promotes aquaculture in Cuba though the concept of “Family Aquaculture

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uam14_article11.pdf	716.03 KB

The Role of Aqua Farming in Feeding African Cities

Krishen Rana, Jide Anyila, Khalid Salie, Charles Mahika, Simon Heck and Jimmy Young

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

Rapid urbanisation in Africa (of about 7-10% per year), unemployment, food insecurity in urban and peri-urban  zones, and declining fish supplies are major issues that have to be addressed by local and national governments in the region. These issues are occurring against a backdrop of changing economic forces and trade patterns in national and international food markets in the region, causing significant proportions of the urban poor to engage in farming as a livelihood and household food security option.

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Tilapia Culture in Homestead Concrete Tanks in Periurban Nigeria

J. A. Afolabi, P. B. Imoudu and O. A. Fagbenro

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

Two major constraints to the establishment of fish culture enterprises in Nigeria include lack of initial capital input and the acquisition and ownership of land.  The rental price of land suitable for modern and conventional pond fish culture becomes prohibitive and unaffordable especially in urban centres because of competing and conflicting uses. Family-scale (backyard) aquaculture in periurban areas has been recommended in Nigeria as an economical method of producing fish. The homestead concrete tank has been developed as an alternative and suitable enclosure for backyard fish culture.

Please scroll down in the pdf-document until you reach the correct article.

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uam14_article12.pdf	874.15 KB

Periurban Aquaculture in Ghana

With contributions from
Dr Eddie Kofi Abban and Mr. Ransford Cudjoe

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

Fish farming was taken up enthusiastically in the late 1970’s by the Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA) as an alternate income-generating venture. It was seen as an important part of the “Operation Feed Yourself “(OFY) that was launched by the then government. Efforts were made to develop fish farms on all available land that could not be used for farming at that time and where water was readily available. A few of the fish farmers made successes, but due to lack of training and information the majority ran into management problems.  The fish farming programme to reduce poverty in the urban and periurban community failed. Within the last five years also, fish farming or aquaculture as an enterprise is becoming acknowledged by both urban and rural communities, but is gaining ground especially in urban centres.

Please scroll down in the pdf-document until you reach this article.

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uam14_article12.pdf	874.15 KB

Urban Agriculture in Istanbul, Turkey

Cagdas Kaya

In: UA Magazine No. 14 - Urban Aquatic Production

Turkey has been defined as a bridge between Asia and Europe. These two continents and their civilizations have left many marks on Turkey and the Turkish people. For thousands of years in Anatolia (Asian part) and Thrace (European part) life has been mostly based on agriculture. Istanbul, situated on this bridge, is growing rapidly as it attracts immigrants from rural areas. It is there that this initiative on urban agriculture is situated.

Please scroll down in the pdf-document until you reach this article.

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uam14_article12.pdf	874.15 KB

Books / Websites

This is the section on Books and Websites in Urban Agriculture Magazine # 14.

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uam14_article13.pdf	122.57 KB

Events / News and Partners

The section on Events, News and Partners in Urban Agriculture Magazine # 14.

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uam14_article14.pdf	67.59 KB

RUAF Workshop on Multi-stakeholder Action Planning and Policy Making

Information about the RUAF Workshop on Multi-stakeholder Action Planning and Policy Making.

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uam14_article15.pdf	61.21 KB

Forthcoming Issues

Information on Forthcoming Issues of the Urban Agriculture Magazine.

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uam14_article16.pdf	69.02 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
Urban Aquatic Production
ISSN 1571-6244
No. 14, June 2005

UA Magazine is published three times a year by the Network of Resource Centres for Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF), under the Cities Farming for the Future Programme, which is financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada.
UA Magazine is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and Turkish, and distributed in separate editions through the RUAF regional networks, and is also available on www.ruaf.org.

The RUAF Partners are:

• Latin America: IPES Promoción del Desarrollo Sostenible, Lima Peru; email: au@ipes.org.pe; Magazine in Spanish: www.ipes.org
• French Speaking West Africa: IAGU Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine, Dakar, Senegal; email: moussa@iagu.org; Magazine in French: www.iagu.org 
• English Speaking West Africa: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-Ghana; email: o.cofie@cgiar.org
• East and Southern Africa: MDP Municipal Development Partnership (MDP); email: smushamba@mdpesa.org 
• South and South East Asia: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-India; email: r.simmons@cgiar.org
• North Africa and Middle East: American University of Beirut, email: zm13@aub.edu.lb; Magazine in Arabic: www.ecosystems.org/esduhomepage.php
• China: IGSNRR Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; email: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn; Magazine in Chinese: www.cnruaf.com
• Coordination and Support: ETC Foundation; email: ruaf@etcnl.nl; Magazine in English: www.ruaf.org

Editors, No. 14

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (Responsible Editor), together with Will Leschen of Stirling University for the PAPUSSA Network.

Web Editing and Books

Dorine Ruter and René van Veenhuizen

Administration

Nathalie Rietman

Language Editor

Catharina de Kat-Reynen

Design, Layout and Printing

Koninklijke BDU

Subscriptions

The editor, ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden
The Netherlands

Editorial

Leo van den Berg and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Growing cities that are expanding their borders and absorbing rural areas have to cope with the diversity of needs of their citizens. Increasingly, municipal authorities are becoming aware of the relation between agriculture in and immediately around cities and many urban issues.

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Multifunctionality and Sustainability of Urban Agriculture

André Fleury and Awa Ba

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Growing cities spontaneously tend to engulf unoccupied urban spaces, i.e. all the non-constructed areas whose presence seems unjustified. Cultivated areas are relocated towards the periphery. This is the spatial expression of the economic logic of ground rent which, in the long term, achieves a balance between economic productivity and land value.

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Multifunctionality_sustainability_ua.pdf	2.15 MB

Scenario’s for Periurban Horticulture in Hanoi and Nanjing

Leo van den Berg, Nguyen Vinh Quang and Guo Zhongxing

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

“Seeking Synergy

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Scenarios_peri-urban_horticulture_Hanoi_Nanjing.pdf	1.53 MB

Multiple Functions of Agriculture in Bohicon and Abomey, Benin

Anne Floquet, Roch Mongbo and Juste Nansi

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Abomey and Bohicon are two cities in central Benin whose recent expansion has prompted their link-up in a conurbation of 180,000 inhabitants. The agglomeration is located at the junction between the North-South and the East-West roads.

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Promoting the Multifunctionality of Urban and Periurban Agriculture in Hanoi

Mubarik Ali, Hubert de Bon and Paule Moustier

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Urban and periurban agriculture with its multifunctional roles contributes in resolving many of the emerging issues of mega cities. In addition to its main function of supplying fresh food to growing cities, which itself has additional value to urban consumers, urban agriculture may give a respite to migrant agricultural labourers by engaging them in the activities they know best and rewarding them with income, especially when they cannot find other jobs in their early stage of migration.

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Promoting_Multifunctionality_UA_peri-urban_agriculture_Hanoi.pdf	1.42 MB

Multi-functional Agrotourism in Beijing

Jiang Fang, Yuan Hong, Liu Shenghe and Cai Jianming

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Apart from the traditional food production function, agricultural land use has been taking other functions in Beijing. Next to the ecological function and the role of agriculture in social security and employment generation, especially for migrants, Agrotourism in Beijing has made great progress in the last two decades.

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Urban Farming in the South Durban Basin

Paris Marshall Smith, Mohammed Junaid Yusuf, Urmilla Bob and Andreas de Neergaard

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

In an economically and racially segregated city, urban agriculture (UA) can be a tool for political and social transformation that modifies the physical structures by developing meeting grounds, linking areas and eliminating buffer zones. In transforming the physical spaces, UA can change the way people identify themselves and engage with one another. These are critical elements in the discussion of sustainable livelihoods and the alleviation of poverty.

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Building Food-Secure Neighbourhoods: The role of allotment gardens

Robert J. Holmer and Axel Drescher

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

The World Bank classifies the Philippines as one of the world’s fastest urbanising countries. Urban areas grew by 5 percent annually between 1980 and 2000. If this trend continues, an estimated 65% of the total population will be living in urban areas by the year 2020. Cagayan de Oro, one of the secondary cities located in the southern part of the country, has at present a population of about 600,000 with an annual growth rate of 4.4% compared to the 2.3% national average.

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Building_Food-Secure_Neighbourhoods_role_allotment_gardens.pdf	1.29 MB

Urban Agriculture as a Mechanism for Urban Upgrading

K.A. Jayaratne

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Traditionally, agriculture is not included as an activity in land use and zoning plans in urban development, although city greening is accepted as part of city beautification and landscaping. Still, people in urban areas in Colombo have always been involved in various agricultural activities, like growing vegetables, plants for curry leaves trees such as coconut, raising livestock and pigeons and fishing in inland waterways.

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Building Food Secure Neighbourhoods In Rosario

Antonio Lattuca, Raul Terrile, Laura Bracalenti, Laura Lagorio, Gustavo Ramos and Fernando Moreira

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

The Urban Agriculture Programme (UAP) was launched by the Municipality of Rosario in 2002, amidst an unprecedented nationwide socio-economic crisis. This initiative marked an important step in further development of municipal policies and programmes towards supporting and strengthening this alternative production system.

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Building_Food_Secure_Neighbourhoods_Rosario_and_Edilble_Landscape.pdf	432.17 KB

Making the Edible Landscape: Integrating productive growing in urban developments

Vikram Bhatt

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

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Building_Food_Secure_Neighbourhoods_Rosario_and_Edilble_Landscape.pdf	432.17 KB

Demonstration Gardens in Almirante Brown, Argentina

Kate Casale

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Demonstration gardens are a valuable and multi-functional use of land. Two programmes – Pro-Huerta and Plan Jefe y Jefas de Hogares Desocupados – have taken the lead in introducing such gardens in low-income neighbourhoods in the municipality of Almirante Brown, Buenos Aires. 

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Urban Agriculture in the Gaza Strip, Palestine

Luc Laeremans and Ahmed Sourani

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

The population in Gaza is increasing rapidly as cities and refugee camps continue to expand.  Large-scale, export-oriented agricultural production has reached its limits and is not able to meet the growing need for food security and  income generation. However, almost all agriculture in Gaza can be considered to be urban agriculture and its  potential  is high.

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Demonstration_Gardens_Almirante_Brown_Argentina_AND_UA_Gaza_Palestine.pdf	1.84 MB

Multifunctionality of Periurban Open Spaces in Setif, Algeria

Abdelmalek Boudjenouia, André Fleury and Abdelmalek Tacherift

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Nowadays, quality of living is considered as a key factor for the physical and psychological wellbeing of city dwellers. The presence of nature in the city is an important component due to the diversity of its functions. In addition, it can be a valuable source for companies, improving their corporate image and working environment. The environmental space of a city determines in part its fitness for habitation and economic resources under the concept of a sustainable city. For farmers, the environmental space primarily represents a production area, but increasingly this space is seen as being multifunctional.

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Bringing Soul Back to Wai’anae: the Mala ‘Ai ’Opio Farm

Camille Tuason Mata

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Who would have thought that a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) project could regenerate pride in a community rifted by youth on drugs, high crime and poverty rates, and unemployment?  This was the situation facing the young couple, the Maunakea-Forths, who conceived of the idea to develop a CSA - the Mala ‘Ai ‘Opio (hereafter MA’O) Organic Farm - in Wai’anae, Hawai’i. 

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Urban Agriculture in the Netherlands: Multifunctionality as an organisational strategy

Marije Pouw and Joanna Wilbers

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Multifunctional land use and the Netherlands have become synonymous as the population of this small country on the rim of the North Sea has increased over the decades to a current density matched only by a small number of places on this earth (1). The experiences of two organisations involved in urban agriculture and multifunctional land use in the Netherlands show how both utilise their multifunctional character as an organisational strategy.

(1) The average population density of the Netherlands in 2005 is 392 inhabitants per square kilometre (see http://www.internetstad.nl/index.php/Nederland).

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UA_in_NL_multifunctionality_as_organisational_strategy.pdf	589.63 KB

Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Urban agriculture as an essential infrastructure

Andre Viljoen and Katrin Bohn

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

This paper is written from a U.K. perspective and uses London as an example of an expanding city.

Experiences showing the beneficial effects, and in some cases essential benefits, of urban agriculture have been described in this magazine, other journals and websites. Most of these experiences show benefits related to food security and income, with a primary focus on the South. However, the benefits of urban agriculture are potentially applicable to a far wider population, as the integration of urban agriculture into a multifunctional (mixed) land use strategy has the potential to significantly reduce a city’s ecological footprint. The question arises as to why urban agriculture is not being implemented or propagated on a far wider scale in existing and emerging cities

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Continuous_Productive_Urban_Landscapes.pdf	1.12 MB

FoodSpace: Food production in the city

Ursula Lang

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Existing alternatives to factory foods can be remarkably nostalgic, relying on models of rural purity and tiny homesteads, separated from the urban centres these farms serve.  Our cultural associations with the purity of the countryside and the pollution of cities have limited our incorporation of new urban farming methods.  By relying on standard, and horizontal, spatial relationships to our food, we have overlooked the potential of cities to provide us with fresh, seasonal, and local foods.

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Farmer Response to Urban Pressures on Land, the Tamale experience

Christina A. Amarchey

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Over the last two decades, land use in Tamale has been changing  from predominantly agricultural (for cropping and animal husbandry) uses to non-agricultural uses, such as provision of residential and recreational space, transportation facilities, waste disposal and industrial production, mainly dictated by the urbanisation phenomenon.

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Farmer_Response_Urban_pressures_land_AND_Multifunctional_Landuse_Lagos.pdf	612.92 KB

Multifunctional Land Use in a Small Urban Agricultural Community in Lagos

Vide Anosike, Shakirudeen Odunuga and Mayowa Fasona

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

Land use reflects the functional activities assigned to a particular piece of land. In the past fifty years of Nigerian National Agricultural Development Planning, urban agriculture has not been promoted as a feasible urban land use or activity. Its contribution to urban food security and employment has not been acknowledged yet because food production is often perceived as a rural-based activity.

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Farmer_Response_Urban_pressures_land_AND_Multifunctional_Landuse_Lagos.pdf	612.92 KB

From Food Security to Food Safety: urban development in Bucharest

Sorin Liviu Stefanescu and Monica Dumitrascu

In: UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture

The expected integration of Romania in the EU has led to a significant change of perception on environmental issues by policy makers both in the rural areas as well in urban sites. With over 2 million residents, Bucharest is the largest city in Romania, has the lowest rate of unemployment in the country (4%) and faces high residential pressure. In the past decade, urban agriculture was seen as a minor issue at national and local level, but recently the quality of periurban agriculture and the impact of the industry on the quality of municipal food consumption have received increasing attention.

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Books

Section on books in UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture.

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Books.pdf	178.3 KB

Websites

Section on websites in UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture.

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Websites.pdf	99.07 KB

Events

Section on events in UA Magazine No. 15 - Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture.

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Events.pdf	141.81 KB

Colophon

Urban Agriculture Magazine
Multiple Functions of Urban Agriculture
ISSN 1571-6244
No. 15, December 2005

UA Magazine is published three times a year by the Network of Resource Centres for Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF), under the Cities Farming for the Future Programme, which is financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada.
UA Magazine is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and Turkish, and distributed in separate editions through the RUAF regional networks, and is also available on www.ruaf.org.

The RUAF Partners are:

• Latin America: IPES Promoción del Desarrollo Sostenible, Lima Peru; email: au@ipes.org.pe; Magazine in Spanish: www.ipes.org
• French Speaking West Africa: IAGU Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine, Dakar, Senegal; email: moussa@iagu.org; Magazine in French: www.iagu.org 
• English Speaking West Africa: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-Ghana; email: o.cofie@cgiar.org
• East and Southern Africa: MDP Municipal Development Partnership (MDP); email: smushamba@mdpesa.org 
• South and South East Asia: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-India; email: r.simmons@cgiar.org
• North Africa and Middle East: American University of Beirut, email: zm13@aub.edu.lb; Magazine in Arabic: www.ecosystems.org/esduhomepage.php
• China: IGSNRR Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; email: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn; Magazine in Chinese: www.cnruaf.com
• Coordination and Support: ETC Foundation; email: ruaf@etcnl.nl; Magazine in English: www.ruaf.org

Editors, No. 15

This issue has been compiled by René van Veenhuizen (Responsible Editor), together with Leo van den Berg of Alterra

Web Editing and Books

Marije Pouw and René van Veenhuizen

Administration

Ellen Radstake

Language Editor

Catharina de Kat-Reynen

Design, Layout and Printing

Koninklijke BDU

Subscriptions

The editor, ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden
The Netherlands

Editorial

René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture is a dynamic concept that comprises a variety of livelihood systems, ranging from
subsistence production and processing at household level to fully commercialised agriculture. It takes place in different locations and occurs under varying sociopolitical conditions and policy regimes. This diversity of urban agriculture is one of its main attributes, as it can be adapted to a wide range of urban situations and to the needs of a diverse range of stakeholders.

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A Critical Review of Recent Policy Documents on Urban Agriculture

Joanna Wilbers and Henk de Zeeuw

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agriculture

In a growing number of cities, local governments have recognised the importance of urban agriculture and are designing new policies related to urban agriculture or are reformulating existing ones. In this article the authors discuss some requirements for effective policy and subsequently use these criteria to critically review some of the policies on urban agriculture that have been drawn up recently (1). It is hoped that the reader will derive some lessons that may be of help to develop effective policies on urban agriculture in other cities.

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Courses of Action for Municipal Policies on Urban Agriculture

Henk de Zeeuw, Marielle Dubbeling, Joanna Wilbers and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

Once municipal authorities understand that urban agriculture can contribute to some of their policy goals, they often seek to facilitate the development of urban agriculture by means of pro-active policies and intervention strategies that enhance the socio-economic and nutritional benefits of urban agriculture, while reducing the associated health and environmental risks. In this way, municipal policy makers and support institutions can substantially contribute to the development of safe and sustainable urban agriculture.

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Interactive Policy Formulation for Sustainable Urban Agriculture Development

Henk de Zeeuw and Marielle Dubbeling

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

In the foregoing two articles in this issue, criteria for an effective policy on urban agriculture were
discussed and various policy measures and instruments for a municipal policy on urban agriculture were presented. But how should a participatory policy formulation process be organised? How can it be initiated? Who should participate and when? What steps should be followed, and what recommendations should be taken into account? This article describes the importance of interactive or participatory processes of policy formulation, details the different steps to be taken and highlights lessons learned thus far by RUAF partners and various other organisations.

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Integration of Urban Agriculture in Municipal Agendas: Experiences from Lima, Peru

Gunther Merzthal

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

In Peru urbanisation is intense, especially in metropolitan Lima. Massive migration resulted in urbanisation of poverty, which in the case of Lima is concentrated in the expanding outer zones of the city. In this context of an impoverished urban-rural interface, urban agriculture is a promising alternative that can make an important contribution to the fulfilment of the Millennium Development Goals for fighting poverty and ensuring food security. This article describes experiences in two districts of metropolitan Lima: Villa Maria del Triunfo and Lurigancho-Chosica.

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The Beijing Urban Agriculture Policy Guidelines: A milestone

CAI Jianming, LIU Shenghe, YANG Zhenshan, YUAN Hong and JIANG Fang

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

This paper presents the main points of the draft policy guidelines for development of urban agriculture in Beijing. These guidelines are currently awaiting final approval by the Beijing People’s Congress
and will be an important milestone in the development of urban and periurban agriculture in the city of Beijing in the coming decades.

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uam16_article5.pdf	1.47 MB

From Awareness to Action; policies on urban agriculture in Accra

Nelson Obirih-Opareh and Theophilus Otchere-Larbi

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

More than 40 percent of Ghana’s 20 million people lived in urban areas in 2000, and the country’s urban population was growing at an estimated 4 percent per annum (GSS, 2000, Cofie et al. 2003), with some cities growing at an annual rate of up to 4.4 percent. This increase is taking place at a time when the rural population is aging and agricultural productivity in the rural areas is declining. As a result, an increasing number of city dwellers have resorted to urban agriculture, using urban runoff/wastewater and vacant open spaces for food production. These activities contribute to the food supply, employment creation and livelihood support in Accra.

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The Policy Framework and Practice of Urban Agriculture in Bulawayo

Takawira Mubvami

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

Bulawayo is Zimbabwe’s second largest city. Once Zimbabwe’s industrial hub, the city has lost most of its major industries, through outright closure or relocation to the capital city, Harare. The city is thus
home to a relatively poor urban population, compared to the population of Harare. A policy framework on urban agriculture is under development since 1996, and is supported by RUAF.

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uam16_article7.pdf	2.41 MB

Legislation, policies and the practice of urban farming in Nakuru, Kenya: Contradictions abound

Dick Foeken

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

Despite its importance as a livelihood source, farming in towns is (still) illegal in many African
countries. By-laws frequently date from colonial times and forbid all agricultural activity within the
boundaries of urban centres, as it does not fit in the western perception of what constitutes ‘urban’ (e.g. the city-is-beautiful idea) and because it is believed to cause all kinds of environmental hazards. However, as the practice has become increasingly widespread over the last two decades, government policy has generally changed from being mainly restrictive to being tolerant or even encouraging.

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Making Laws for Urban Agriculture: the experience of Governador Valadares, Brazil

Ivana Christina Lovo and Zilá Raquel Pereira Costa

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

In 2003, the project "Optimisation of Use of Vacant Land for Urban Agriculture" started in Governador
Valadares. This project was promoted by the Urban Management Program for Latin America and the Caribbean (UMPLAC/UNHABITAT), the International Development Research Center (IDRC) of Canada and IPES – Promotion of Sustainable Development in Peru (see also UAM no 11).

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Concrete Actions: Cape Town’s Urban Agriculture Assistance Programme

Stanley Visser

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

Urban agriculture in Cape Town principally involves vegetable cultivation, although the sight of roaming cattle in the streets is also familiar to many inhabitants of the city. During the past five years, the
city of Cape Town has been formulating a policy on urban agriculture, which will mainly assist in the improvement of the lives of its citizens in terms of food security and economic development.

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uam16_article10.pdf	3.27 MB

Creating and Implementing Food Policies in Vancouver, Canada

Wendy Mendes

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

Although Vancouver is a city of soaring glass towers and modern urban amenities, it is also located
within one of the most productive agricultural regions in Canada. Combine the favourable climatic
conditions with municipal policies that encourage sustainable development and the result is a city
in which urban agriculture is thriving.

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uam16_article11.pdf	2.45 MB

Municipal and Civil Society Food Systems Policy Development

Rodger Cooley

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

There is a growing belief among Chicago citizens that all residents should have access to safe, culturally acceptable and nutritionally adequate food through a sustainable food system that
maximises community self-reliance and social justice. A variety of efforts are underway to raise the
level of public discourse on this issue in order to design a sustainable food system that will be
able to foster the development of community food security in Chicago.

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The importance of legal and political support, the case of PROVE in Brazil

João Luiz Homem de Carvalho

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

PROVE – Small Agricultural Production Verticalization Programme - is a programme designed to promote small-scale agricultural production, processing and trade. It involves many urban and periurban agricultural systems, including vegetable gardening, fruit growing and livestock keeping. Intervention is at the individual and/or collective level, especially aimed at lower income groups.

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Urban Land Use Policy in Peddie; a former homeland town in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Alexander C. Thornton

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

The promotion of land redistribution, especially for use by the urban poor to meet subsistence needs, often collides with historical and political barriers. Findings from a recent PhD case study conducted
by the author in a small former homeland (or black reserve) in South Africa reveal that the availability of vacant land is often not known to those who may seek to use it for urban agriculture.

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Effecting Policy Change and Implementation in Urban Agriculture, Kampala, Uganda

Ssemwanga Margaret Azuba and Sarah McCans

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

This paper presents the process, experiences and lessons learnt pertaining to urban agriculture policy change in Kampala. Specifically, it chronicles the legal and policy framework related to urban agriculture before 2001, and the participatory process culminating in the formulation of the current Bills for Ordinances that will serve to promote and regulate urban agriculture in Kampala City.

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An Enabling Policy Framework for Urban Agriculture in Rosario

Raul Terrile and Antonio Lattuca

In: UA Magazine 16 - Formulating Effective Policies on Urban Agrilculture

While the city of Kampala principally adopted a regulatory approach to urban agriculture based on a system of permits, licenses, control and use of legal instruments, the city of Rosario placed its emphasis on development of an enabling policy framework based on economic incentives, communicative and educative instruments and design instruments (see also article De Zeeuw and Wilbers in this issue).

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Books, Websites and Events

Please find the sections on Books, Websites and Events in the attachment.

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uam16_books_websites_events.pdf	1.71 MB

Colophon

FORMULATING EFFECTIVE POLICIES ON URBAN AGRICULTURE

ISSN 1571-6244
No. 16, October 2006

UA Magazine is published three times a year by the Network of Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF), under the Cities Farming for the Future Programme, which is financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada.

UA Magazine is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic, and distributed in separate editions through the RUAF regional networks, and is also available on www.ruaf.org.

The RUAF Partners are

• Latin America: IPES Promoción del Desarrollo Sostenible, Lima Peru; email: au@ipes.org.pe; Magazine in Spanish: www.ipes.org/au
• French Speaking West Africa: IAGU Institute Africain de Gestion Urbaine, Dakar, Senegal; email: moussa@iagu.org; Magazine in French: www.iagu.org/ruaf/ruafiagufr.php
• English Speaking West Africa: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-Ghana; email: o.cofie@cgiar.org |
  Website: www.iwmi.cgiar.org/africa/West/projects/RUAFII-CFF.htm
• East and Southern Africa: MDP Municipal Development Partnership (MDP); email: tmubvami@mdpafrica.org.zw | Website: www.mdpafrica.org.zw/urban_agriculture.html
• South and South East Asia: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-India; email: r.simmons@cgiar.org | Website: www.iwmi.cgiar.org/southasia/index.aspnc=9106&msid=119
• North Africa and Middle East: American University of Beirut, email: zm13@aub.edu.lb; Magazine in Arabic: www.ecosystems.org/esduhomepage.php
• China: IGSNRR Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; email: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn; Magazine in Chinese: www.cnruaf.com.cn
• Coordination and Support: ETC Foundation; email: ruaf@etcnl.nl; Magazine in English: www.ruaf.org

Editors, No. 16
This issue has been edited by René van Veenhuizen (Responsible Editor) with the
ETC-UA team and the RUAF Partners.

Web Editing, Events, and Books
Marije Pouw and René van Veenhuizen

Administration
Ellen Radstake

Language Editor
Catharina de Kat-Reynen

Design, Layout and Printing
Koninklijke BDU

Subscriptions
The editor: ruaf@etcnl.nl
Address
Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden
The Netherlands
Visitors’ address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791
e-mail: ruaf@etcnl.nl
website: www.ruaf.org

Editorial

Joanna Wilbers, René van Veenhuizen and Cecilia Castro

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

Increasingly, local authorities have come to understand the role urban agriculture can play in sustainable development of their cities, especially in eradicating hunger and poverty. Urban producers’ organisations are seen as important actors in this process and seek to represent their members in various fora (e.g. in policy dialogue, in project planning) and as a channel to supply technical assistance and other services to their members.

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Social Organisations of Agricultural Producers in Latin America and Europe

Alain Santandreu and Cecilia Castro

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

In an effort to improve knowledge about and positively impact local realities, IPES and ETC-Urban
Agriculture, in partnership with local institutions and researchers and with the support of IDRC (Canada), carried out between 2005 and 2006 a project entitled “Social organisations of urban and periurban producers (SOUPP): management models and innovative alliances for political influence

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An Inter-Regional Action-Research Agenda

Marielle Dubbeling

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

Within the framework of the IPES-ETC-IDRC project entitled "Social organisations of urban and periurban producers: management models and innovative alliances for political influence" (on which the previous article reports), an inter-regional action-research agenda was formulated based on inputs from the participating urban and periurban producers’ organisations. The agenda highlights aspects within the organisations that need strengthening and external support and is meant to guide all stakeholders involved in the development of new research and action projects concerning urban and periurban producers’ organisations.

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Urban Farmers' Network of Villa Maria Del Triunfo

Noemí Soto and Cecilia Castro

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

In various cities in Latin America, local governments have supported the organisation of urban farmers. The preferred form is usually a network, because of its flexibility. In this way the farmers work collectively, but without any formalisation. Two such farmers’ networks can be found in Villa María del Triunfo and Rosario (see box). In the city of Villa María del Triunfo (VMT) in Lima, Peru, urban agriculture is primarily carried out by members of the Urban Farmers’ Network, which currently includes more than 2,000 agricultural producers, and which is undergoing a period of formalisation and consolidation.

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Strategic Alliances: the Organic Farmers' Association of Uruguay

Alfredo Blum

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

The Organic Farmers’ Association of Uruguay (APODU) is a national organisation of rural and periurban organic farmers. A study was undertaken by CIEDUR in 2005 and 2006, which concentrated on farmers from the Montevideo metropolitan area, the country’s capital.

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Municipal Policy Influencing: Experiences of Gardeners in Amsterdam

Johan van Schaick

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

In 2001 the Amsterdam municipality started preparations for a new spatial plan, which became the basis for city planning development in the period 2002-2010. The plan, entitled "Choosing urbanism", aimed to place residential and economic functions within the city limits, while green areas were to be established on the city fringes. Among other steps, the plan involved sacrificing five allotment garden parks for housing construction and infrastructure developments. It compelled the tenant of the allotment garden parks, the Association of Allotment Gardens (or in Dutch: Bond van Volkstuinders, BvV), to choose an entirely new and different strategy for influencing policy, of which this article provides an account.

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Towards a Better Understanding of Low-income Producers' Organisations

Clarissa Ruggieri

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

The FAO/IDRC Project, "Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture: Towards a better understanding of low-income producers’ organisations" aims at identifying concrete solutions to the difficulties faced by urban producers’ groups in achieving sustainable livelihoods for their members. In this article some preliminary results are provided, regarding the groups’ capacity to attain self-reliance and sustainability; and the role of mayors, local authorities and city executives in promoting a politically friendly environment for civil society participation, farmers’ entrepreneurship and capacity building.

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Urban and Periurban Agriculture Producers' Organisations in Cairo

Dr. Ahlam ElNaggar and Dr. Mostafa Bedier

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

The city of Cairo has been the capital of Egypt for more than a 1,000 years and its roots extend back more than 50 centuries. The city’s population in 2006 was 7.8 million on a total area of about 3,085 km². Cairo is made up of one old city and five new cities encompassing about 29 municipalities.

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Sustaining Low-Income Urban Agricultural Producers' Organisations in Accra, Ghana

Irene S. Egyir

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

Many small urban agricultural enterprises in Accra are members of informal organisations that invest little capital and yield low income, even though more formal alliances would ensure more effective bargaining and negotiations with urban authorities and other groups. This article describes the results of a study initiated by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in the city of Accra, Ghana. Each individual enterprise in a producers’ organisation is a stakeholder but not necessarily a shareholder in the operation. Trust is a key feature in informal alliances.

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Organising Urban Farmers' Groups in the City of Nairobi and Environs

Zarina Ishani and Zaynah Khanbhai

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

Various types of informal groups can be found in urban and rural areas in Kenya. One would expect farmers, livestock keepers and producers’ groups to be located only in the rural areas, but they actually also exist in the cities and their environs, where they are engaged in urban and periurban agriculture.

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Alliances Between Farmers and Other Actors in Dakar

Awa BA

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

Urban farmers produce crops within and around cities (Mougeot, 2000). They do not form a separate group from the urban population, nor do they live self-sufficiently. They maintain diverse relations with other actors in the city. Some of these relations go beyond the sale of agricultural or non-agricultural produce and become strategies and alliances among socio-economic and political actors.

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Bamako Farmers' Organisations: New alliances to protect their land rights

Andrés Vélez-Guerra

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

Lack of security of tenure and access to urban farmland undermines the poor’s capacity to practice and sustain urban agriculture. Empirical evidence from urban and periurban farmers’ groups in Bamako, Mali, suggests that as urbanisation intensifies in urban cores, land scarcity and competition trigger farmers’ political involvement and organisation in order to protect their livelihood and land rights.

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The Siyazama Community Allotment Garden Association, Cape Town, South Africa

Rob Small

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

Urban agriculture has been practiced in Cape Town for a long time and involves many different types of
activities. There is currently an increasingly organised communitybased organic farming and gardening movement in the city. This movement is led by associations such as the Vukuzenzela Urban Farmers Association (VUFA). Abalimi Bezekhaya (Planters of the Home), which supports VUFA, is the leading
urban agriculture organisation in Cape Town.

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A Cooperative from the Neighbourhood serving the City

Mario Gonzalez Novo

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

In Havana, Cuba, in 1997, in one of the areas with a high population density, five neighbours got together in an effort to produce their own food. Today this endeavour has become a highly successful cooperative, and an example to other such initiatives.

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Different types of Agricultural Cooperatives with Periurban Farmers in China: two cases

Feifei Zhang, Guoxia Wang and Jianming Cai

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

In 1978, China started to dismantle the commune system and the socalled "eating from the same big pot" that existed for decades, i.e. absolute egalitarianism whereby everyone gets the same benefits irrespective of his/her performance. Village land began to be contracted to peasant families on a 30-year basis in most cases and a system of "household contract responsibility" was introduced that set farm output quotas for each household and linked remuneration to output.

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Gyinyase Organic Vegetable Growers' Association in Kumasi, Ghana

Osei Kwame Boateng, Bernard Keraita and Maxwell S.K. Akple

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

Kumasi has about 10 main marketoriented vegetable farming sites. Many of these farming sites are
linked to farmers’ associations. Gyinyase Organic Vegetable Growers’ Association (GOVGA) is a  large urban vegetable farmers’ association in Kumasi that was formed through the merger of smaller associations in three of the main farming sites in Kumasi.

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Agricultural Business Associations in Urban and Periurban Areas in Lima, Peru

Jessica Alegre, Dennis Escudero and Omar Tesdell

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

The large urban market of Lima provides an opportunity for periurban and urban farmers in the east of Lima to sell their products. However, studies by the Urban Harvest Programme of CIP in Lima reveal that the current system for commercialisation of urban agricultural products is underdeveloped. In addition there is a lack of trust, insecurity and a lack of capacity among urban farmers to organise and improve through social learning processes and coordinated business management efforts. This article describes an effort to improve this situation.

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Creating Market Opportunities for Poor Women Farmers in Kenya

Mwangi Stanley, Mumbi Kimathi, Mary Kamore, Nancy Karanja and Mary Njenga

In: UA Magazine 17 - Strengthening Urban Producers' Organisations

African leafy vegetables (ALVs) are traditionally an important element in the diet of many Africans, but the market has remained underdeveloped due to the lack of any successful efforts to commercialise the crop. The sources of a few bunches of vegetables in a Nairobi market were traced back mostly to wild harvesting by small-scale women farmers in western Kenya – 400 km from Nairobi. It appeared that brokers and traders packed the vegetables in sacks that were transported to the city in night buses. This drastically reduced the quality of the vegetables. Interventions initiated in 2002 by FCI and its partners have dramatically reversed this trend.

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Books / Web sites

Please find the section on books and websites in the attachment.

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uam17_article18.pdf	50.53 KB

Events

Please find the section on events in the attachment.

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uam17_article19.pdf	55.38 KB

Colophon

STRENGTHENING URBAN PRODUCERS' ORGANISATIONS

ISSN 1571-6244
No. 17, February 2007

UA Magazine is published three times a year by the Network of Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF), under the Cities Farming for the Future Programme, which is financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada.

UA Magazine is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic, and distributed in separate editions through the RUAF regional networks, and is also available on www.ruaf.org.

The RUAF Partners are

• Latin America: IPES Promoción del Desarrollo Sostenible, Lima Peru; email: au@ipes.org.pe; Magazine in Spanish: www.ipes.org/au
• French Speaking West Africa: IAGU Institute Africain de Gestion Urbaine, Dakar, Senegal; email: moussa@iagu.org; Magazine in French: www.iagu.org/ruaf/ruafiagufr.php
• English Speaking West Africa: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-Ghana; email: o.cofie@cgiar.org |
  Website: www.iwmi.cgiar.org/africa/West/projects/RUAFII-CFF.htm
• East and Southern Africa: MDP Municipal Development Partnership (MDP); email: tmubvami@mdpafrica.org.zw | Website: www.mdpafrica.org.zw/urban_agriculture.html
• South and South East Asia: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-India; email: r.simmons@cgiar.org | Website: www.iwmi.cgiar.org/southasia/index.aspnc=9106&msid=119
• North Africa and Middle East: American University of Beirut, email: zm13@aub.edu.lb; Magazine in Arabic: www.ecosystems.org/esduhomepage.php
• China: IGSNRR Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; email: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn; Magazine in Chinese: www.cnruaf.com.cn
• Coordination and Support: ETC Foundation; email: ruaf@etcnl.nl; Magazine in English: www.ruaf.org

Editors, No. 17
This issue was compiled by René van Veenhuizen (Responsible Editor) together with Joanna Wilbers
of ETC-UA and Cecilia Castro of IPES.

Web Editing, Events, and Books
Marije Pouw and René van Veenhuizen

Administration
Ellen Radstake

Language Editor
Catharina de Kat-Reynen

Design, Layout and Printing
Koninklijke BDU

Subscriptions
The editor: ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address
Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden
The Netherlands
Visitors’ address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791
e-mail: ruaf@etcnl.nl
website: www.ruaf.org

Editorial

Martin Bailkey, Joanna Wilbers and René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

The number of people around the world who live in and around cities is increasing steadily, and the problems associated with this growth demand creative, multi-dimensional approaches. City authorities face enormous challenges in creating sufficient employment, in providing basic services such as drinking water, sanitation, health services and education, in managing urban wastes and wastewater, in creating efficient local economies and in facilitating the creation of environmentally and socially
sustainable communities in their cities.

 

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HIV/AIDS, Urban Agriculture and Community Mobilisation: cases from Zimbabwe

Takawira Mubvami and Milika Manyati

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

HIV and Aids affect all communities –both urban and rural. This article looks at how urban agriculture can be a way to integrate the HIV/Aids-infected and -affected households in a community. The article starts by highlighting some of the issues relating to HIV/Aids and their impact before presenting case
studies that demonstrate how urban agriculture has been used to integrate HIV/Aids-affected households into communities.

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Community-Based Urban Agriculture in Two East African Capitals

Rebecca L. Rutt

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture is commonly a solo endeavour practiced by individuals and households in search of fresh food. The benefits of urban agriculture activities are well-documented, so the search for ways to realise its valuable societal contributions is a vital issue particularly within the developing world, where urban farming is frequently the main livelihood activity and has the highest potential for impacting daily lives.

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Targeting Socially Excluded Groups: community gardening in KwaZuluNatal, South Africa

Myles Oelofse, Raymond Auerbach and Andreas de Neergaard

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

The multi-functionality of urban agriculture makes it a widely practised activity in the townships surrounding the city of Durban, South Africa1. In Mpumalanga Township, due to the lack of land for small-scale agricultural production in the area, community gardening in the few available plots within the township has become a popular activity that provides community members with a number
of ecological as well as community services.

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Article 3.pdf	2.01 MB

Promoting a City without Hunger and Indifference: urban agriculture in Bogotá, Colombia

Claudia Marcela Sánchez, Jairo Andrés Silva and Rolando Higuita

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

Just like other cities in the country and around the world, Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, is undergoing rapid population growth leading to more pronounced social inequalities. In 2005, this city of approximately 6.8 million people had a poverty rate of 38.5 percent, and most of the poor were suffering from significant nutritional deficiencies due to the lack of access to food in the necessary quantities and quality.

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Community Supported Agriculture: French approaches

André Fleury

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

The first forms of agriculture in Europe seem to have been community-based, as is still the case in many rural societies of the South. But, in the vicinity of modern cities, farmers have found it difficult to resist the processes of individualisation and increasing urbanisation. This article will highlight two recent phenomena taking place in France, which respond to and sometimes even counterbalance
these processes. The phenomena both illustrate initiatives that try to restore local urban-rural relationships.

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Article 5.pdf	1.21 MB

Promoting Urban Agriculture through the Community Food Centre Model

Rhonda Teitel-Payne

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

For over 30 years, The Stop Community Food Centre has been working to end hunger and build a
healthy and strong community in the Davenport West neighbourhood of the city of Toronto. The Stop strives to increase access to healthy food in a manner that maintains dignity, builds community and challenges inequality.

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Article 6.pdf	1.94 MB

Emerging Migrant Farmer Communities in Peri-urban Beijing

Zhang Feifei, Cai Jianming and Liu Gang

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

Migration to cities has increased rapidly since reforms took place in China. It has been estimated that
over the past 30 years, more than 300 million people have successfully transferred their residence and have found a job in one of the rapidly growing cities of China; and it is expected that this trend will continue in the coming 15-20 years (Feng, 1996). Quite a number of migrants stay in the periurban areas and turn to urban agriculture for their livelihoods.

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Article 7.pdf	890.32 KB

The Development of a Women Producers' Cooperative in Istanbul

Yilmaz Korkmaz

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

Istanbul is an old, but rapidly modernising city. Large-scale migration from throughout Turkey into Istanbul and the integration of Turkey into the regional and global marketplace have been changing metropolitan patterns of household livelihood, food security and environmental conditions since the 1950s.

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Article 8.pdf	1.07 MB

Asset-Based Community Development in Urban Agriculture: experiences from the southern Philippines

Robert J. Holmer and Anselmo B. Mercado

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

In recent years, the Asset-Based Community Development Approach (ABCD) has been recognised as an innovative strategy for community-driven development in urban and rural areas and as an alternative to the traditional needs-based approach applied by national government agencies, NGOs, and institutions such as the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (O'Leary, 2007).

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Article 9.pdf	443.78 KB

A Respons to a Growing Crisis: urban food gardening in South Africa's townships

Matthew Lief

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

Thirty years after the 1976 youth uprising which signalled the inevitable end of apartheid, the lives of children growing up in Port Elizabeth remain constrained by the threat of disrupted, unstable families and severe poverty. Today the barrier faced by families to providing a supportive, nurturing environment for children is no longer a brutally oppressive and racist government, but the crushing burden of a population besieged by HIV/Aids and unemployment on a massive scale.

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Article 10.pdf	1.87 MB

Immigrant Farming in the Northeast United States: what makes sense?

Hugh Joseph

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

On a seven-acre site tucked out of sight behind a retail dairy operation, seven immigrant and refugee families this spring prepared for another season as some of Massachusetts’ newest farmers. The site in Dracut is one of four multi-user training farms sponsored by the New Entry Sustainable Farming Project (NESFP).

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Article 11.pdf	1.07 MB

Growing Home and the Emergence of Urban Agriculture in Chicago

Orrin Williams

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

Growing Home, located in Chicago, Illinois, was founded in 1992 by the late Les Brown, then Director of Policy for the Chicago Coalition for the Homeless. The Growing Home programme is designed to provide entry into the job market via the experience of urban agriculture.

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Article 12.pdf	609.58 KB

The Effectiveness of Urban Agriculture as a Survival Strategy among Gweru Urban Farmers in Zimbabwe

Chipo Hungwe

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

The Nyanga Declaration signed by municipal authorities in 2002 represented a turning point in Zimbabwe as its accommodation and official recognition of urban agriculture heralded a change in the attitude of municipalities. Urban agriculture has great potential to improve household food security and survival, but as long as municipal initiatives only officially accommodate it without providing proper facilitation, like rearrangement and reallocation of resources, urban agriculture will continue to face many challenges.

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Article 13.pdf	620.6 KB

Urban Agricultural Experiences from the Perspective of Social Responsibility

Communication and Public relations Department Atacongo Association

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

The Atocongo Association is an organisation that has grown out of the corporate social responsibility efforts of Cementos Lima SA. It is committed to carrying out capacity-building and human development
programmes and projects which help to create opportunities for marginal urban groups seeking to improve their quality of life. One strategy used by the association to achieve this goal is urban agriculture.

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Article 14.pdf	1.02 MB

Legislation, Policies and the Practice of Urban Farming in Nakuru, Kenya: an addendum

Dick Foeken

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

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Article 15.pdf	368.71 KB

Books / DVDs

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

Please find the sections on Books and DVDs in the attachment

Attachment	Size
Books_DVDs.pdf	273.48 KB

Websites / Events

In: UA Magazine no. 18 - Building Communities through Urban Agriculture

Please find the sections on Websites and Events in the attachment.

Attachment	Size
Websites_Events.pdf	112.89 KB

Colophon

BUILDING COMMUNITIES THROUGH URBAN AGRICULTURE

ISSN 1571-6244
No. 18, July 2007

UA Magazine is published two times a year by the Network of Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF), under the Cities Farming for the Future Programme, which is financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada.

UA Magazine is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic, and distributed in separate editions through the RUAF regional networks, and is also available on www.ruaf.org.

The RUAF Partners are:

• Latin America: IPES Promoción del Desarrollo Sostenible, Lima Peru; email: au@ipes.org.pe; Magazine in Spanish: www.ipes.org/au
• French Speaking West Africa: IAGU Institute Africain de Gestion Urbaine, Dakar, Senegal; email: moussa@iagu.org; Magazine in French: www.iagu.org/ruaf/ruafiagufr.php
• English Speaking West Africa: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-Ghana; email: o.cofie@cgiar.org |
  Website: www.iwmi.cgiar.org/africa/West/projects/RUAFII-CFF.htm
• East and Southern Africa: MDP Municipal Development Partnership (MDP); email: tmubvami@mdpafrica.org.zw | Website: www.mdpafrica.org.zw/urban_agriculture.html
• South and South East Asia: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-India; email: r.simmons@cgiar.org | Website: www.iwmi.cgiar.org/southasia/index.aspnc=9106&msid=119
• North Africa and Middle East: American University of Beirut, email: zm13@aub.edu.lb; Magazine in Arabic: www.ecosystems.org/esduhomepage.php
• China: IGSNRR Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; email: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn; Magazine in Chinese: http://www.cnruaf.com.cn/
• Coordination and Support: ETC Foundation; email: ruaf@etcnl.nl; Magazine in English: www.ruaf.org   

Editors, No. 18
This issue was compiled by René van Veenhuizen (Responsible Editor) together with Joanna Wilbers of ETC-UA and Martin Bailkey of University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Web Editing, Events, and Books

Femke Hoekstra and René van Veenhuizen

Administration
Ellen Radstake

Language Editor
Catharina de Kat-Reynen

Design, Layout and Printing

Koninklijke BDU

Subscriptions
The editor: ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address

Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. Box 64
3830 AB Leusden
The Netherlands
Visitors’ address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791
e-mail: ruaf@etcnl.nl
website: www.ruaf.org 

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Colophon.pdf	90.11 KB

Complete issue of UA Magazine no. 19 (3,2 Mb)

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UAmagazine 19.pdf	3.16 MB

Editorial

René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture is a dynamic concept, given the wide range of urban situations and stakeholders. This diversity is one of its main attributes. Urban farming systems are in constant development as urban farmers adapt their existing practices or come up with new ones. Innovation is continuously taking place.

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UAmagazine 19 H1.pdf	193.38 KB

Promoting Local Innovation in Rural Agriculture: Experience and lessons for urban settings

William Critchley, Chesha Wettasinha and Ann Waters-Bayer

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Since agriculture began some 10,000 years ago, it has been shaped and spread almost exclusively by the farmers themselves, and for the most part without the help of scientific research or extension agencies. Farmers came up with ideas, carried out experiments and arrived at their own conclusions. Innovation by farmers was the way forward: this local innovation, indeed, was the dynamic process that led to the development of farming traditions.

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UAmagazine 19 H2.pdf	243.47 KB

"Where there’s muck there’s money

William Critchley, Maxine Brown and Judith Ann Francis

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Dickie Morrison keeps goats in his yard, between his house and his neighbour’s place within a residential suburb in Jamaica. Dickie is an
innovator, producing fattened goats from his own feed-mix that he skillfully formulates himself. His goats are fed on a concoction of by-products from food processing plants, chopped-up fodder grass and leucaena leaves (a leguminous tree). Visitors are proudly shown how Dickie chops the vegetation with his specially modified electric chaff-cutter and mixes the feed. It is clear that the goats enjoy the food; and they appear sleek and healthy as well. Visitors likewise enjoy the spectacle.

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UAmagazine 19 H3.pdf	326.29 KB

Enhancing Technical, Organisational and Institutional Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Gordon Prain and Henk de Zeeuw

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

The preceding article by Critchley et al. presents important experiences gained in rural development programmes regarding how to support technological and socio-organisational innovation in farming systems. To what extent can such rural-based experiences be applied in the urban context? How do the specific urban conditions influence the process of innovation in urban farming systems? What are the main technological and socio-organisational challenges at hand in the urban context? In what ways can local innovation processes in urban farming systems

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UAmagazine 19 H4.pdf	544.33 KB

Innovative Wastewater Recycling in an Indian village: Linking the rural with the urban

Marit Brommer and William Critchley

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

It is increasingly recognised that in rural areas of developing countries the microenvironment around the household/ home garden is the centre of productive resources (Chambers, 1990; Scoones, 2001; Critchley et al.,in preparation). Not only are people based there, but animals tend to be housed close by and crop production is more intensive and diversified around the homestead. The most common hotspot of fertility and production is thus around the house and compound. From the point of view of water, the home is again a concentration point: not only is water brought there for various domestic purposes (and wastewater thus available after use), but also roof tops and compacted compounds give rise to runoff.

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UAmagazine 19 H5.pdf	358.84 KB

In Search of Safer Irrigation Water for Urban Vegetable Farming in Ghana

Bernard Keraita, Pay Drechsel, William Agyekum and Lesley Hope

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Irrigated vegetable farming is a common practice in and around many cities in low-income countries. It is also an important means for attaining urban food security and balanced diets, and it provides a livelihood to many urban dwellers. However, increasing contamination of irrigation water sources makes this practice a major risk factor for public health, especially as most vegetables grown are consumed raw. Urban vegetable farmers in Ghana use different water sources for irrigation, depending on the location of their farming sites. Surface water is most commonly used as it is easily accessible and thus most economical. Farmers collect it from streams, stormwater drains
and gutters with greywater. However, these water sources are usually heavily contaminated with untreated wastewater. 

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UAmagazine 19 H6.pdf	1.53 MB

Innovations in Greenhouse Rainwater Harvesting System in Beijing, China

Zhang Feifei, Cai Jianming and Ji Wenhua

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Beijing is a city faced with a shortage of water. Less than 600 mm of rain falls per year; but this figure is highly variable and actual rainfall has been lower than average in the past eight years. Less than 300 cubic metres of water is available per person per year; this is one eighth of the average volume per person available in the country as a whole and one thirtieth of the world average. Because of the downward trend in rainfall, surface water is gradually drying up and the level of ground water is declining.

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UAmagazine 19 H7.pdf	127.97 KB

Family Business Garden as an Innovative Enterprise in Urban Agriculture

Thilak T. Ranasinghe

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Home gardening is usually seen as a subsistence-oriented production system. However, in urban and suburban areas land is a precious
resource, which is why home gardening can be turned into a profitable production system. In this context the concept of the Family Business Garden was launched on World Environment Day 2000 in Sri Lanka.

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UAmagazine 19 H8.pdf	271.58 KB

SPIN Farming: Improving revenues on sub-acre plots

Roxanne Christensen

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Cities are impulsive, boisterous, spontaneous, and competitive, while agriculture is plodding, tranquil, deliberate and deferential. SPIN-Farming is helping to create a world where for one to be right, the other does not have to be wrong.

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UAmagazine 19 H9.pdf	177.03 KB

Technologies for the Production of Edible Plants in Bogota, Colombia

Claudia Patricia Gonzalez Rojas

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

The population of the Bogota Capital District is increasing rapidly. A major reason for this is internal migration. The need for housing for these displaced people has contributed to the accelerated use of periurban and urban areas for construction of houses, affecting the availability of land suitable for urban agriculture. Meanwhile, there is an increase in the demand for arable land and for food that contributes to a balanced diet.

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UAmagazine 19 H10.pdf	329.07 KB

Micro-gardens in Dakar

Awa Ba and Ngouda Ba

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Micro-gardening is an innovative response by farmers to urban constraints, but also to urban demands with respect to the quality of products. The urban context in that sense is conducive to technological innovation because of the numerous developments and interactions which take place.

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UAmagazine 19 H11.pdf	135.58 KB

From Eradication to Innovation: Towards healthy, profitable pig raising in Lima

Jessica Alegre, Gordon Prain and Miguel Salvo

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Pig raising is an important livelihood activity in the District of Lurigancho Chosica, which is a low-income periurban neighbourhood located in the Rimac valley in the eastern part of the city of Lima. As many as 1600 families are thought to depend on this activity for some or all
of their income. Without organisation, technical support or regulation, they mostly operate in small clusters of informal livestock units perched on the arid hillsides of this desert city. This type of production raises concerns about public health risks and environmental pollution, and yet relatively simple changes in management can make pig raising a profitable, sustainable activity that can contribute
significantly to the well-being of urban and periurban families.

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UAmagazine 19 H12.pdf	162.87 KB

Innovativeness of Dutch Vineyards

Hans Peter Reinders and Hans Repko

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Wine production in the Netherlands is increasing. Since the Netherlands is not a traditional wine-producing region there is a tremendous need for new knowledge. This knowledge is partly imported from other regions with similar characteristics, such as Germany. But since every location is unique, specific knowledge also needs to be developed. Research is limited for such a small sector in the Netherlands, so a lot of innovations are developed by the growers themselves. A good example of an innovative enterprise is the Dutch vineyard El Placer, located in the city of Lelystad.

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UAmagazine 19 H13.pdf	141.59 KB

Cleaning, Greening and Feeding Cities; Local Initiatives in Recycling Waste for Urban Agriculture in Kampala, Uganda

Sanderijn van Beek and Rebecca L. Rutt

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Uncollected solid waste is one of Kampala’s most visible environmental problems, and one of the main causes of environmental degradation within the city. While this poses a critical health hazard to the livelihoods of the urban poor, it also hinders economic growth and social achievement (Sengendo, 1994). However, amidst the gloom, there are local initiatives – developed by enterprising individuals and groups – which are helping to address waste problems through the creative reuse of organic waste in urban farming. Some of these innovations are rapidly becoming common practice; others are still experimental.

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UAmagazine 19 H14.pdf	196.35 KB

Urban Agriculture in Msunduzi Municipality, South Africa

BJ Njokwe and M. Mudhara

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

In Msunduzi Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, backyard gardens are growing in popularity. People use small pieces of land to
produce crops, often municipality-owned open grounds or wastelands in their vicinity. Some councillors encourage this and may provide tools and seeds. This policy support is also based on the realisation that sustainable agriculture can contribute to a reduction in pollution in the city.

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UAmagazine 19 H15.pdf	216.17 KB

Solid Waste Recycling in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Making a business of waste management

Berihun Tefera and Getachew Tikubet

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Solid waste management is a major challenge facing the cities in the developing world. The commercial recycling of organic waste into a valuable organic fertiliser called "Bio-compost" is new in Addis Ababa and it is having a noticeable impact on improved organic waste management and urban agriculture

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UAmagazine 19 H16.pdf	200.67 KB

Enhancing Local Knowledge in Urban Livestock Breeding in Bukavu, D.R. Congo

Augustin Cihyoka

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

The city of Bukavu, the administrative centre of South-Kivu Province, is situated in Eastern DR Congo some 2,000 km from the capital, Kinshasa. It is an important commercial, administrative and university centre with a population of over 600,000 inhabitants. For several
reasons many of them have turned to farming to secure their livelihoods.

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UAmagazine 19 H17.pdf	192.66 KB

Innovations in Producer-Market Linkages: Urban field schools and organic markets in Lima

Nieves Gonzales, Miguel Salvo and Gordon Prain

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Organically-produced food is increasingly in demand among more affluent urban populations of developing countries, and these city dwellers are willing to pay a premium for food quality and safety. Agricultural producers living in and around these cities are well placed to take advantage of this lucrative market.

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UAmagazine 19 H18.pdf	190.44 KB

Urban Agriculture as a Social Justice Change Agent and Economic Engine

Erika R. Allen

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Growing Power is a national nonprofit organisation and land trust that supports people from diverse backgrounds and the environments in which they live. Growing Power provides hands-on training, on-the-ground demonstration, outreach and technical assistance through the development of Community Food Systems that help people grow, process, market and distribute food in a sustainable manner.

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UAmagazine 19 H19.pdf	258.63 KB

Selected Appropriate Technologies for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture

Juan Izquierdo, Gilda Carrasco, Juan José Estrada and Sara Granados

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Urban and periurban agriculture requires the use of appropriate technologies that reduce environmental impacts, are easy to implement by the urban farmers, are low-cost, and use local inputs. Since 1996, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has been promoting the use of a number of appropriate technologies.

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UAmagazine 19 H20.pdf	196.66 KB

The Suburban Farm: An innovative model for civic agriculture

Nevin Cohen

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Innovative US developers are integrating farmland into their residential areas (subdivisions), providing space for food production and linking residents to their farmer-neighbours, with positive consequences for both. Suburban farms can be an important part of a sustainable regional food system. 

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UAmagazine 19 H21.pdf	214.79 KB

Innovative livestock-keeping in Ethiopian cities

Hailu Araya, Alemayehu Ayalew, Azeb Werqu and Nigusie HaileMariam

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

As urbanisation increases in Ethiopia, city dwellers are responding in innovative ways to problems of high unemployment and opportunities of high market demand by growing crops and raising animals. Many people in poor families, especially women and youth, take these initiatives because they already knew farming before they migrated to town, or they learned it from others who were farming in town. 

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UAmagazine 19 H22.pdf	242.16 KB

Books

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Please find attached the books section.

Attachment	Size
UAmagazine 19 H23.pdf	57.37 KB

Websites

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Please find attached the Websites section.

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UAmagazine 19 H24.pdf	47.46 KB

Events

In: UA Magazine no. 19 - Stimulating Innovation in Urban Agriculture

Please find attached the events section.

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UAmagazine 19 H25.pdf	78.89 KB

Colophon

STRENGTHENING URBAN PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS
ISSN 1571-6244

no. 19, december 2007

UA Magazine is published two times a year by the network of resource centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF), under the Cities Farming for the Future Programme, which is financed by DGIS, the Netherlands, and IDRC, Canada.

UA Magazine is translated into French, Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic, and distributed in separate editions through the RUAF regional networks, and is also available on www.ruaf.org.

The RUAF Partners are:

• Latin America: IPES Promoción del desarrollo Sostenible, Lima, Peru; email: au@ipes.org.pe; Website: www.ipes.org/au
Magazine in Spanish and Portugese
• Frenchspeaking West Africa: IAGU Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine, Dakar, Senegal; email: moussa@iagu.org; Website: www.iagu.org/ruaf/ruafiagufr.php Magazine in French• English-speaking West Africa: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-Ghana; email: o.cofie@cgiar.org ; Website: www.iwmi.cgiar.org/africa/west_africa/projects/rUAFii-cFF.htm
• East and Southern Africa: MDP Municipal Development Partnership (MDP); email: tmubvami@mdpafrica.org.zw ; Website: www.mdpafrica.org.zw/urban_agriculture.html
• South and South East Asia: International Water Management Institute, IWMI-India; email: r.simmons@cgiar.org ; Website: www.iwmi.cgiar.org/southasia/index.aspnc=9106&msid=119
• North Africa and Middle East: American University of Beirut, email: zm13@aub.edu.lb; Website: www.ecosystems.org/urbanagriculture ; Magazine in Arabic
• China: IGSNRR Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; email: caijm@igsnrr.ac.cn; Website:http://www.cnruaf.com.cn/ ; Magazine in Chinese
• Coordination and Support: ETC Foundation; email: ruaf@etcnl.nl; Magazine in English: www.ruaf.org

Editors, No. 19
This issue was compiled by René van Veenhuizen (responsible editor), together with Will Critchley, Ann Waters Bayer and Chesha Wettasinha of ProLinnoVA, and Gordon Prain of CIP - Urban Harvest.

Web Editing, Events, and Books
Femke Hoekstra and René van Veenhuizen

Administration
Ellen Radstake

Language Editor
Catharina de Kat-Reynen

Design, Layout and Printing
Koninklijke BDU

Subscriptions
The Editor: ruaf@etcnl.nl

Address
Urban Agriculture Magazine
P.O. box 64
3830 AB Leusden
The Netherlands

Visitors’ address: Kastanjelaan 5, Leusden.
Tel: +31.33.4326000
Fax: +31.33.4940791
E-mail: ruaf@etcnl.nl
Website: www.ruaf.org

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UAmagazine 19 H26.pdf	82.35 KB

Complete issue

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BDU-08063-UAM20.pdf	2.7 MB

Sustainable Use of Water in Urban Agriculture

Olufunke Cofie & René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 3-6

The number of people in the world who live in and around cities is increasing steadily. The “State of the World Cities” report by UN- Habitat (2004) predicted that by 2030, 60 percent of the world’s population will live in cities, while the threshold of 50 percent of the world’s inhabitants living in cities was reached in 2007. Most often, this rapid urbanisation is only demographic as it is not accompanied by a similar rate of infrastructural transformation, but rather puts pressure on limited urban resources. Coincidentally, the areas of the world with the fastest-growing population already have severe water problems, and the shortages will get much worse.

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UAM 20 - pagina 3-6.pdf	234.26 KB

Using Treated Domestic Wastewater for Urban Agriculture and Green Areas; The case of Lima

Gunther Merzthal and Ernesto Bustamante

In: UA Magazine no. 20 Water in Urban Agriculture, pp. 7-9

Scarcity of water is one of the main problems in Lima, and there is increasing competition for the use of water, for human consumption, agriculture, industry, and green areas. The use of alternative sources is urgently required.

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UAM 20 - pagina 7-9.pdf	147.7 KB

The Use of Reservoirs to Improve the Quality of Urban Irrigation Water

Julio Moscoso, Tomás Alfaro and Henry Juarez

In: UA Magazine no. 20 Water for Urban Agriculture, p. 10

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UAM 20 - pagina 10.pdf	65.12 KB

Adapting to Water Scarcity: Improving water sources and use in urban agriculture in Beijing

Ji Wenhua, Cai Jianming

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 11-13

Beijing is facing a shortage of water. Because of downward trend in rainfall, surface water is gradually drying up and the level of groundwater is declining. This decline in availability of water is affecting urban agriculture in the city. Innovations are being sought by both the government and farmers focusing on the use of new water sources, like reuse of wastewater and rainwater harvesting, and improved water management.

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UAM 20 - pagina 11-13.pdf	267.89 KB

Technology and Institutional Innovation on Irrigated Urban Agriculture in Accra, Ghana

Olufunke Cofie & Esi Awuah

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 14-16

Accra has an annual rainfall of 730 mm and the population in its administrative boundaries is 1.6 million (GHS, 2002). About 80 percent of the population in Accra has access to water and 88 percent has access to some form of toilet facilities. However, waste and wastewater disposal and treatment are still ineffective. SWITCH works in Accra on the use of urban water for agriculture and other livelihood opportunities.

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UAM 20 - pagina 14-16.pdf	398.87 KB

Urban Agriculture and Social Inclusion

Adrienne Martin, Joep Verhagen, Luke Abatania

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 17-19

The SWITCH programme promotes a participatory, multi-stakeholder approach via its city learning alliances. As these stakeholder participation processes do not necessarily give a voice to socially excluded groups, SWITCH is initiating specific activities to address issues around social inclusion. The ultimate objective of these activities is to ensure more equal and sustainable management of, use, of and access to urban water.

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UAM 20 - pagina 17-19.pdf	213.9 KB

Improving Decision-making on Interventions in the Urban Water Systems of Accra

S. Ibrahim, H.J. Lubberding, P. Drechsel, P. van der Steen

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 19-20

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UAM 20 - pagina 19-20.pdf	93.92 KB

Testing the new 2006 WHO guidelines in real-life situations

In: UA Magazine no 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, p. 21

In the wake of publication of the third edition of the WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in Agriculture and Aquaculture (2006), three international agencies and around 10 local partners have embarked on a set of projects in Ghana, Jordan and Senegal to test out the methods and procedures proposed in these guidelines in different urban and periurban farming settings, to reduce risk where comprehensive wastewater treatment is too expensive and not feasible in the near term.

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UAM 20 - pagina 21.pdf	61.67 KB

Surface Water Quality and Periurban Food Production in Kano, Nigeria

Roy Maconachie

In: UA Magazine no 20 Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 22-24

Kano, the largest city in Northern Nigeria, has long served as an important market for resources produced in its periurban zone. In particular, urban farming is widespread in Kano and is tolerated as an important response to the economic and social conditions faced by many poor individuals. Previous studies in the region have concluded that urban farms make very significant contributions to city nutrition, household food security, employment and environment.

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UAM 20 - pagina 22-24.pdf	224.75 KB

Urban Farmers' Irrigation Practices in Burkina Faso

Modeste L. Kinané, Arlette Tougma, Denis Ouédraogo, Moise Sonou

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 25-26

Many studies have pointed out the health risks associated with inappropriate use of untreated wastewater or polluted water for both consumers and farmers in urban vegetable production in Burkina Faso. But this is a reality in daily life, and at this point understanding farmers' strategies is critical for implementing measures to make irrigation practices safer.

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UAM 20 - pagina 25-26.pdf	215.82 KB

Farmers' Perceptions of Benefits and Risks from Wastewater Irrigation in Accra, Ghana

Kafui Adjaye-Gbewonyo

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 27-28

As safe water sources become scarcer and more polluted, the use of wastewater in urban agriculture may produce many benefits but may also lead to crop and soil contamination and endanger farmers and consumers. To effectively manage wastewater use in agriculture, it is important to understand how stakeholders feel impacted by the practice.

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UAM 20 - pagina 27-28.pdf	162.12 KB

Use of Irrigation Water to Wash Vegetables Grown in Urban Farms in Kumasi, Ghana

Lesley Hope

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 29-30

Owing to the importance of irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana, a number of research and development activities have been recently initiated to improve the safety of vegetables. The positive and negative impacts of these initiatives have already been widely documented (UA Magazine no. 8 and the article in no. 19 on this issue). This paper describes a number of low-cost risk-reduction interventions developed together with key stakeholders in the "farm to fork" continuum.

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UAM 20 - pagina 29-30.pdf	162.03 KB

Water supply and urban agriculture in Bulawayo

Takawira Mubvami & Percy Toriro

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 31-32

Irrigation with municipal wastewater is practised in many urban and periurban areas of developing countries. In Zimbabwe this has largely been restricted to pasture irrigation (Chimbari et al., 2003). Wastewater is increasingly being used for irrigation in urban and periurban agriculture, thereby supporting the livelihoods of (particularly poor) farmers. There is a need to identify practical, affordable health safeguards that do not threaten the livelihoods of those dependent on wastewater.

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UAM 20 - pagina 31-32.pdf	164.2 KB

Efficient usage of water in South African Township Gardens

Matthew Lief, Ubuntu

In: UA-Magazine no 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, p. 33

Founded in 1999, Ubuntu Education Fund is an NGO dedicated to providing vulnerable children and their families in the townships of Port Elizabeth, South Africa, with an empowering environment and access to services and opportunities. Ubuntu Education Fund began developing urban community gardens at schools, health clinics and community backyards in 2005. The purpose of these gardens is to provide food and income to orphaned and vulnerable children and people living with HIV (see article in UA-Magazine no 18).

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UAM 20 - pagina 33.pdf	59.39 KB

Efficient Usage of Water in South African Township Gardens

Matthew Lief

In: UA Magazine no.20 Water for Urban Agriculture

Founded in 1999, Ubuntu Education Fund is an NGO dedicated to providing vulnerable children and their families in the townships of Port Elizabeth, South Africa, with an empowering environment and access to services and opportunities. Ubuntu Education Fund began developing urban community gardens at schools, health clinics and community backyards in 2005. The purpose of these gardens is to provide food and income to orphaned  and vulnerable children and people living with HIV (see article in UA Magazine no. 18).

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UAM 20 - pagina 33.pdf	59.39 KB

Rainwater Harvesting Potential for Urban Agriculture in Hyderabad

Priyanie Amerasinghe, Charles Devenish, KB Sulemani

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 34-36

Agriculture in and around Indian cities is under pressure due to rapid urbanisation and associated land use change, and couples with pressure on already scarce water resources. The major beneficiaries of UA in the larger cities are low-income communiies that make use of the available resources - vacant land, river banks and wastewater - to supplement their meagre incomes. Rainwater is a valuable potential resource, and government attention to rainwater harvesting is growing, but its potential for UA is still poorly understood and documented.

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UAM 20 - pagina 34-36.pdf	207.67 KB

Water Supply and Urban Agriculture in Bulawayo

Mubvami, T., P. Toriro

In: UA Magazine no. 20 Water for Urban Agriculture

Irrigation with municipal wastewater is practised in many urban and periurban areas of developing countries. In Zimbabwe this has largely been restricted to pasture irrigation (Chimbari et al., 2003). Wastewater is increasingly being used for irrigation in urban and periurban agriculture, thereby supporting the livelihoods of (particularly poor) farmers. There is a need to identify practical, affordable health safeguards that do not threaten the livelihoods of those dependent on wastewater.

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UAM 20 - pagina 31-32.pdf	164.2 KB

Greywater Recycling for Food Production in Montreal, Canada

Sara Finley

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, p. 37

Urban food production is quickly gaining popularity in Canadian cities, where community gardens are thriving and backyard or balcony cultivation is widespread. However, the desire to produce local food must be compensated by responsible water us if the practice is to be sustainable. Garden watering can account for more than 40 percent of household water use during the summer months, and wasteful irrigation practices are often the norm in Canadian cities.

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UAM 20 - pagina 37.pdf	130.93 KB

Productive Sanitation: Increasing food security by reusing treated excreta and greywater in agriculture

Robert Gensch

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 38-40

Currently some estimated 854 million people worldwide are chronically hungry due to extreme poverty; and about 2 billion people lack food security intermittently due to varying degrees of poverty (FAO 2006). Despite the great efforts and promising attempts being made to decrease the number of people suffering from food insecurity, this numer still remains high worldwide and will most likely intensify in the coming decades, due to the growing world population. A great deal of this population growth will take place in cities, causing a substantial increase in the volume of urban waste products, the over-exploitation of rural resources and a significant increase in urban food demand. Developing countries are particularly affected by the rampant urbanisation tendencies and face great difficulties in coping with this development.

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UAM 20 - pagina 38-40.pdf	159.88 KB

ECOSAN Fertilisers with Potential to Increase Yields in West Africa

Linus Dagerskog, Simeon Kenfack and Håkan Jönsson

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 41-43

In 2002 CREPA initiated a regional research and demonstration programme on ecological sanitation in seven West African countries. ECOSAN is focused on simultaneously improving sanitation and food production. This is done by making urine and faeces more hygienic and then using them as safe fertilisers. Demonstrations showed that crops fertilised with ECOSAN products often gave a higher yield during a longer harvest period.

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UAM 20 - pagina 41-43.pdf	235.47 KB

Reuse of Ecological Sanitation Products in Urban Agriculture : Experiences from the Philippines

Robert J. Holmer, Gina S. Itchon

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 44-46

Shortly after the first community-based allotment gardens were established for urban poor families of Cagayan de Oro, Philippines (Holmer & Drescher, 2005), one of the constraints observed was the lack of sanitary toilet facilities inside the gardens. A sustainable solution to address this sanitation problem had to be found, especially since these gardens are considered as showcases for integrated solid waste management, including the composting of segregated biodegradable wastes from the garden and neighbouring households (Urbine et al, 2005)

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UAM 20 - pagina 44-46.pdf	244.23 KB

Books

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 47-48

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Books.pdf	159.32 KB

Weblinks

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, p. 49

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Weblinks.pdf	94.77 KB

Events

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture, pp. 50-51

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Events.pdf	125.03 KB

Colofon

In: UA Magazine no. 20 - Water for Urban Agriculture

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Colofon.pdf	147.15 KB

Editorial

A. Adam-Bradford, Femke Hoekstra, René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 3-10

Natural hazards, civil conflicts, wars and economic crises continue to generate unstable and unsafe conditions, placing immense pressures on communities and local livelihoods. These emergency scenarios often result in people fleeing their homes to other areas or crossing borders to other countries, thereby creating mass refugee situations. Many of these refugees or internally displaced persons (IDPs) have to remain in refugee camps for extended periods or reside (often illegally) in and around urban areas.

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UAM21 p.3-10.pdf	466.98 KB

The Accidental City: Urbanisation in an East-African refugee camp

Bram J. Jansen

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 11-12

Refugee camps are regarded as temporary settlements,organised according to the functionality of humanitarian operations. According to this political view, refugees are passive recipients of aid and the dynamics of life in the camps remain hidden. Instead, refugee camps can be seen as emerging urban environments.

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UAM21 p.11-12.pdf	122.28 KB

From Dependence to Self-reliance: Experiences from northern Uganda

Astrid van Rooij and Loan Liem

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 13-15

For over twenty years, the people of Acholiland in northern Uganda have been struggling to survive in the midst of violent conflicts. Many people have been killed. The long conflict has created high levels of dependency. A food security and livelihoods programme was started to enhance self-reliance of displaced people.

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UAM21 p.13-15.pdf	134.58 KB

Enhancing Household Food Security in Refugee Camps in Ethiopia

Mulugeta WTsadik

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 16-17

The Somali region is located in the eastern part of Ethiopia. Its capital, Jijiga, is located 635 km from the capital Addis Ababa. Currently there are three refugee camps in this region, namely Kebribeyah, Awberie and Sheder, which together host about 28,500 individuals. To allow refugees to complement the basic food ration, UNHCR and its partners started a number of homegardening projects. The results will help UNHCR decide on a more formal approach to gardening in refugee camps.

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UAM21 p.16-17.pdf	85.4 KB

Towards a more formal approach on refugee gardening with UNHCR

Femke Hoekstra

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, p. 18

Comments by Ahmed Baba Fall (December 19, 2008) Senior WFP liaison and Food Security Officer

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UAM21 p.18 .pdf	90.66 KB

Promoting Urban Agriculture in Post-conflict Greater Freetown Area, Sierra Leone

Saidu Kanu, Paul Tengbe, Thomas R.A. Winnebah and Pamela Konneh

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 19-21

Sierra Leone experienced a civil conflict between 1991 and 2002 as a result of which many people fled to the Greater Freetown Area (GFA). During and after this unfortunate period, urban agriculture became an important livelihood strategy. It is increasingly being recognised as a reliable coping mechanism for redressing food shortages and gaining employment.

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UAM21 p.19-21.pdf	201.35 KB

Urban Agriculture in and around Monrovia, Liberia

Timothy Korty

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 22-23

Since the end of the war that raged from 1989 to 2003, Liberia has suffered from chronic food insecurity, due to the destruction of its agricultural sector and basic socio-economic infrastructure. Urban agriculture provides a strategy to help reduce urban poverty, improve food security and enhance urban waste management in Monrovia and other Liberian cities. Recently the government acknowledged the importance of urban agriculture in enhancing food security in the country.

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UAM21 p.22-23.pdf	158.96 KB

The Role of Urban Agriculture in Kirkuk, Iraq

Galawezh B. Ormizyari

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 24-25

Kirkuk is located in the northeast of Iraq, along the Khasa River, about 250 kilometres northeast of the capital Baghdad. After the toppling of Saddam Hussein’s regime in 2003, tension rose among ethnic groups as thousands of internally displaced people (IDPs) returned to Kirkuk. Most of the Kurdish returnees have started using land in Kirkuk illegally for housing and agriculture.

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UAM21 p.24-25.pdf	132.56 KB

The Impact of the Economic Meltdown on Urban Agriculture in Harare

Percy Toriro

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 26-27

Harare is the capital city of Zimbabwe. With approximately 2.5 million inhabitants (1.8 million as of the 2002 census), here almost 50 percent of Zimbabwe’s urban population lives. Recent economic difficulties have led to a phenomenal growth in urban agriculture in Harare as well as in other cities in Zimbabwe.

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UAM21 p.26-27.pdf	167.1 KB

A Report from New Orleans: Growing food in a recovering city

Martin Bailkey

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, p. 28

Over three years have passed since Hurricane Katrina flooded 80 percent of New Orleans in August 2005. While the population of the metropolitan region is close to the pre-Katrina total, that of the city itself is approximately 70 percent of its former level. Flooded neighbourhoods, such as Hollygrove, Gentilly, and particularly the Lower Ninth Ward, are far from their former vibrancy.

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UAM21 p.28.pdf	151.83 KB

Tsunami Aftermath: Development of an indigenous homegarden in Banda Aceh

A. Adam-Bradford and Moustafa Osman

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 29-30

On 26 December 2004, a major underwater earthquake to the west of the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, triggered an extensive and devastating tsunami that impacted the entire South East Asia region and reached as far as the East African coastline. The Banda Aceh region located in the north of Sumatra bore the brunt of the tsunami, which resulted in catastrophic damage along the coastline, killing thousands of people and leaving an estimated 400,000 people homeless.

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UAM21 p.29-30.pdf	171.14 KB

The Sphere Project Guidelines

A. Adam-Bradford

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, p. 31

 

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UAM21 p.31.pdf	81.24 KB

Urban Agriculture in El Alto: An experience of revitalisation

Oscar Rea Campos

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 32-33

The structural food crisis in the city of El Alto has had an especially negative impact on the lives of the poorest families. Urban agriculture is one of the alternative strategies initiated to improve their food security, but also to enhance the social inclusion of the women involved, who have more time available than the men and who can develop additional skills through this activity.

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UAM21 p.32-33.pdf	155.53 KB

Multi-storey Gardens to Support Food Security

Mary Corbett

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 34-35

Addressing food insecurity in resource-poor settings is difficult in any context. However, in protracted refugee camp situations, where people are almost entirely dependant on humanitarian assistance, the challenges are even greater. The development and adaptation of multi-storey gardens has been tried in refugee camps in Kenya with impressive success.

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UAM21 p.34-35.pdf	120.2 KB

Farming in Bags: Microgardening in northern Uganda

Holly Welcome Radice and Devrig Velly

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 36-37

The Acholi region of northern Uganda (Kitgum, Pader and Gulu districts) has been affected by rebel activities since 1986. Due to the constant crisis and erratic security situation, access to food, income, and productive assets for the population has become increasingly difficult over the years.

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UAM21 p.36-37.pdf	238.78 KB

A Garden in a Sack: Experiences in Kibera, Nairobi

Peggy Pascal and Eunice Mwende

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 38-40

More than 60 percent of the population of Nairobi lives in the numerous slums located around the city. Kibera slum is one of the 146 slums of the Kenyan capital and the second biggest slum in Africa (after Soweto in South Africa). Around one million people are currently living in Kibera and the population is increasing daily. In the slum, landslides are frequent and the unemployment rate is very high. Most of the land is dedicated to housing, and agricultural land remains scarce.

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UAM21 p.38-40.pdf	427.36 KB

Health Risk Assessment of Children Exposed to Greywater in Jerash Refugee Camp in Jordan

Sahar Dalahmeh and Almoayed Assayed

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 41-42

Jerash refugee camp is one of the ten official Palestinian refugee camps located in Jordan. It is inhabited by about 28,000 people who originally fled from Gaza, Palestine, in 1968, as a result of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. Although more than 30 years have passed, the responsible authorities still consider the camp to be a temporary shelter, and investments in services and infrastructure in the camp, except for basic services, have not taken place.

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UAM21 p.41-42.pdf	133.07 KB

Books

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 43-44

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UAM21 p.43-44.pdf	132.51 KB

Weblinks / On DVD

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, p. 45

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UAM21 p.45.pdf	63.25 KB

Events

In: UA Magazine no. 21 - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?, pp. 46-47

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UAM21 p.46-47.pdf	103.41 KB

Colofon

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UAM21 p.48.pdf	197.42 KB

Complete issue

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UAM21 Complete.pdf	2.73 MB

Editorial

Marielle Dubbeling, Marcia Caton Campbell, Femke Hoekstra, René van Veenhuizen

In: UA Magazine no. 22 - Building Resilient Cities pp. 3-11

Urban growth is projected to increase significantly in the coming decades. The world’s urban population
is expected to double from 3.3 billion in 2007 to 6.4 billion by 2050, and it is predicted that by 2030, 60 per cent of the world’s population will live in cities. Accompanying this urbanisation process is a phenomenon referred to as the “urbanisation of poverty”. Ravallion (2007) estimates that about one-quarter of the developing world’s poor live in urban areas, and this percentage is expected to increase to 50 per cent by 2035.

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editorial.pdf	680.35 KB

Urban Agriculture in Montevideo and Rosario: A response to crisis or a stable component of the urban landscape?

Alain Santandreu, Alberto Gómez Perazzoli, Raúl Terrile, Mariana Ponce

In: Urban Agriculture Magazine no 22 - Building Resilient Cities pp. 12-13

Urban agriculture has developed into a permanent activity in Rosario, Argentina, and Montevideo, Uruguay (as demonstrated in earlier articles in the UA-Magazine). Urban agriculture is important in feeding cities in times of crisis, but it is currently being promoted by civil society and local government as a way to enhance social inclusion and employment of (especially poor) urban farmers, and thus to transform a challenging situation into new opportunities.

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UAM22 Montevideo 12-13.pdf	2.43 MB

Interview with Crispim Moreira

In: Urban Agriculture Magazine no 22 - Building Resilient Cities p. 14

The Brazilian Ministry of “Social Development and the Combat against Hunger” (MDS) has been implementing national urban and periurban agriculture activities, as part of the national Zero Hunger Campaign. Dr. Crispim Moreira, the National Secretary of Food Security and Nutrition, tells us about the origin of this effort and the progress being made.

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UAM22 Crispim M 14.pdf	565.82 KB